Immigration, Migration, and Population Movement (9B) - Psych & Soc

What is emigration in demographic terms (relative to an origin country)?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Perspective from sending country; opposite of immigration.
What is the definition of urban-to-rural migration (counterurbanization)?

Movement from cities to rural areas, often for lower cost or lifestyle. Reverses urbanization trend for quality of life reasons.
What is a remittance in the context of migration?

Money sent by migrants to people in their origin country. Financial transfers that support families and boost origin economies.
What is the definition of acculturation in immigrant adaptation?

Cultural and psychological change after contact with a new culture. Involves behavioral and value changes through cultural contact.
What is the definition of emigration in demography and population studies?

Movement out of a country or region to reside elsewhere. Emphasizes leaving one's country to live permanently elsewhere.
What is a refugee (legal-social science definition used on the MCAT)?

Person fleeing persecution who cannot safely return home. Protected under international law with specific rights.
What is the key distinction between assimilation and integration?

Assimilation reduces heritage culture; integration maintains both cultures. Integration preserves dual cultural identity unlike assimilation.
What is internal migration?

Movement of people within the same country. Includes moves between states, cities, or regions domestically.
What is the "healthy immigrant effect" often observed in epidemiology?

New immigrants often show better health than native-born peers initially. Results from self-selection where healthier individuals are more likely to migrate successfully.
What is chain migration?

Migration facilitated by prior migrants' family/social networks. Networks reduce costs/risks for subsequent migrants.
What is forced migration?

Migration driven by coercion, conflict, or disaster rather than choice. Contrasts with voluntary migration due to external pressures.
Which concept describes chronic stress from navigating two cultures?

Acculturative stress. Results from conflicting cultural demands and identity issues.
What is assimilation in the context of immigration?

Adopting host culture to the extent that distinct origin-culture traits fade. Complete cultural absorption into host society.
What is the definition of acculturation in immigrant adaptation?

Cultural change from sustained contact with a new host culture. Process of adapting to new culture while maintaining original identity.
What is multiculturalism as a model of immigrant integration?

Coexistence of multiple cultural groups with maintained identities. Contrasts with assimilation by preserving cultural diversity.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP), and how does it differ from a refugee?

Displaced within own country; refugee crosses an international border. IDPs remain under their government's protection; refugees need international aid.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced to flee home but remains within the same country. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
What is a refugee under international law (core defining feature)?

Person fleeing persecution with a well-founded fear of return. Defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention as someone unable to return due to fear of persecution based on race, religion, or other grounds.
What is the healthy immigrant effect in health and migration research?

New immigrants often show better health than native-born peers initially. Paradox often attributed to selection effects in migration.
What is multiculturalism as a societal approach to immigration?

Policy/ideology supporting coexistence of multiple cultural groups. Promotes cultural diversity within unified society.
What is the definition of xenophobia as related to immigration attitudes?

Fear or hostility toward foreigners or perceived outsiders. Often manifests as discrimination against immigrants.
What is multiculturalism as an integration model?

Coexistence of distinct cultural identities with equal recognition. Promotes diversity while maintaining social cohesion.
What is the diaspora of a population?

Dispersion of a group from a homeland to multiple locations. Often maintains cultural identity across generations.
What is a refugee under international definitions used in social science?

A person fleeing persecution who cannot safely return to their home country. Protected status for those facing persecution at home.
What is forced migration?

Involuntary movement due to coercion, conflict, or disaster. Includes refugees, trafficked persons, and disaster evacuees.
What is a diaspora?

A dispersed population maintaining ties (social/cultural) to a shared homeland. Geographic dispersion with maintained homeland connections.
What is immigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people into a country to reside there. Focuses on permanent relocation, not temporary visits.
What is net migration rate (NMR) in population accounting?

$\frac{\text{immigrants}-\text{emigrants}}{\text{population}}\times 1000$ . Positive value indicates net immigration to the country.
What is emigration in demographic terms?

Movement out of a country or region to reside elsewhere. The opposite of immigration; focuses on departure rather than arrival.
What is circular migration?

Repeated movement between origin and destination (often seasonal). Common in agricultural work; maintains ties to origin community.
What is the definition of emigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Opposite of immigration; focuses on departure from origin country.
What is nativism in the context of immigration attitudes?

Favoring native-born interests over immigrant interests. Political ideology often linked to restrictive immigration policies.
What is an asylum seeker (distinguish from refugee status)?

Person requesting protection; legal status not yet granted. May become a refugee if asylum is granted.
What is acculturation?

Cultural change from contact; adopting some host-culture traits. Cultural adaptation without complete assimilation.
What is integration (biculturalism) as an acculturation strategy?

Maintaining origin culture while participating in the host culture. Balances both cultures, creating a bicultural identity.
What is an asylum seeker (status while a claim is pending)?

Person requesting refugee protection whose claim is not yet decided. Represents an interim status during the evaluation of a refugee claim by host country authorities.
What is the definition of an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Person forced to flee home but remaining within their country. Differs from refugees by not crossing international borders.
What is the difference between internal migration and international migration?

Internal is within a country; international crosses borders. Key distinction is whether national boundaries are crossed.
What is voluntary migration, as contrasted with forced migration?

Movement chosen by the individual, not compelled by threat. Typically motivated by economic opportunity or lifestyle preferences.
What is an asylum seeker?

A person requesting legal protection as a refugee; claim not yet adjudicated. Seeking refugee status; decision pending.
Identify the term for factors that drive people to leave an origin area.

Push factors. Examples include poverty, conflict, persecution, or disasters.
What is chain migration in the context of immigration patterns?

Migration facilitated by family or community ties in destination. Social networks reduce migration costs and risks for newcomers.
What is the definition of acculturation in the context of immigration?

Adopting aspects of the host culture while retaining origin culture. Balances cultural adaptation with heritage preservation.
What is the sociological definition of migration as used in population movement research?

Movement of people from one location to another with relocation. Distinguishes from temporary travel by permanent change of residence.
What is circular migration in the context of labor and mobility?

Repeated movement between origin and destination for work or seasons. Migrants maintain ties to both locations through regular back-and-forth travel.
Which term describes social networks and norms that facilitate migration flows?

Migrant social capital (migration networks). Networks provide information and support for potential migrants.
Identify the term for movement from rural areas to cities within a country.

Rural-to-urban migration (urbanization). Population shift from countryside to urban centers.
What is internal migration, and how does it differ from international migration?

Internal: within a country; international: across national borders. Key distinction is crossing national boundaries versus staying within.
What is immigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people into a country to reside there. Contrasts with emigration (leaving) and focuses on entering to establish residence.
What is the "healthy immigrant effect" in health sociology?

Recent immigrants often have better health than native-born peers. Self-selection and screening may explain initial health advantage.
What is the brain drain effect of migration on the origin country?

Loss of highly educated/skilled workers to other countries. Can hinder development in countries losing skilled workers.
What is the definition of a pull factor in migration?

A condition that attracts people to a destination area. Positive factors that draw people toward a new location.
What is a refugee as defined by international protection standards?

Person outside home country with well-founded fear of persecution. Protected under 1951 UN Convention; cannot be returned to danger.
What is international migration?

Movement of people across national borders. Crosses sovereign boundaries; requires legal documentation.
What is a refugee according to standard sociological and legal usage?

Person forced to flee due to persecution, war, or violence. Legal status requires crossing international border and inability to return.
Calculate NMR per $1{,}000$ : $I=12{,}000$ , $E=9{,}000$ , population $=1{,}500{,}000$ .

$2$ per $1{,}000$ . $\frac{12{,}000-9{,}000}{1{,}500{,}000} \times 1{,}000 = 2$ .
Which option best defines a refugee under international protection frameworks?

Person fleeing persecution, unable or unwilling to return home. Legal status requires well-founded fear of persecution.
What is the immigrant paradox often described in health and education research?

Immigrants may outperform natives on some outcomes despite socioeconomic risk. Success despite disadvantages challenges deficit models.
Identify the term for prejudice or discrimination directed specifically at immigrants.

Xenophobia. Stems from fear of foreigners, often leading to social exclusion and policy restrictions on immigration.
What is the "immigrant paradox" in health and education outcomes?

Some immigrants outperform expectations despite socioeconomic disadvantage. Cultural factors may protect against expected negative outcomes.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP) as a migration category?

A displaced person who remains within their country's borders. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international boundaries.
What is a remittance in the context of migration?

Money sent by migrants to individuals in their country of origin. Financial transfers support families left behind.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced to flee home but remains within home country borders. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
What is chain migration?

Migration facilitated by family or community ties at the destination. Social networks reduce migration costs and risks for newcomers.
What is the definition of internal migration?

Movement of people within the same country. Distinguishes from international by staying within national borders.
What is the definition of migration as used in sociology and demography?

Relocation of residence within or between regions or countries. Broader term encompassing both immigration and emigration.
What is net migration rate (NMR) as a concept?

Immigration minus emigration for a population and time period. Positive value indicates more arrivals than departures.
What is immigration in demographic terms (relative to a destination country)?

Movement of people into a country to reside there. Perspective from receiving country; opposite of emigration.
What is acculturation in the context of immigrant adaptation?

Cultural and psychological change from contact with a new culture. Process involves behavioral, value, and identity changes over time.
What is assimilation in the context of immigrant incorporation?

Adoption of host culture with reduced distinct origin-culture practices. More complete cultural replacement than acculturation.
What is acculturation in immigrant adaptation to a new host society?

Adoption of aspects of the host culture while retaining own culture. Selective cultural change while maintaining ethnic identity.
What is assimilation in the context of immigration?

Adopting the host culture with reduced distinct original culture. Original culture diminishes as host culture is fully adopted.
What is integration (as a policy or outcome distinct from assimilation)?

Participation in host society while maintaining aspects of origin culture. Balances inclusion in the host society with preservation of cultural heritage, promoting social cohesion.
What is the definition of brain gain?

Increase in skilled workers in a country due to immigration/return. Benefits receiving country through talent acquisition.
What is a diaspora?

A dispersed population maintaining ties to an ancestral homeland. Geographic dispersion with shared cultural identity and connections.
What is the definition of an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced to flee home but remains within home country. Differs from refugees by not crossing international borders.
What is a refugee under international law?

Person outside home country with well-founded fear of persecution. Protected by 1951 UN Convention; cannot be returned to danger.
What is the definition of international migration?

Movement of people across national borders. Contrasts with internal migration by crossing country boundaries.
What is the definition of emigration in population movement?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Emphasizes leaving one's country to live in another.
What is the definition of a diaspora in population movement and identity studies?

Dispersed population maintaining ties to an ancestral homeland. Shared identity persists despite geographic dispersion.
What is brain drain in the context of global migration patterns?

Emigration of highly skilled workers from a country. Represents loss of human capital for origin countries.
Identify the migration type: moving from a rural area to a city for work.

Rural-to-urban internal migration. Movement within country from less to more urbanized areas.
What is the net migration rate formula using immigrants and emigrants?

Net migration rate $=\frac{I-E}{\text{population}}\times 1000$ . Measures net population change from migration per 1000 residents.
What is multiculturalism as a model of immigrant incorporation?

Coexistence of distinct cultures with equal societal value. Promotes cultural diversity as societal strength.
What is chain migration (mechanism that sustains migration flows)?

Migration facilitated by prior migrants via social networks and support. Relies on established connections that reduce migration risks and costs through information and assistance.
What is the net migration rate (NMR) formula for a population?

NMR $= \frac{I - E}{\text{population}} \times 1000$ . I=immigrants, E=emigrants; positive means net gain.
What does the term brain drain refer to in international migration?

Emigration of highly skilled workers from a country. Loss of educated workforce harms origin country development.
What is integration as an acculturation strategy?

Maintaining origin culture while also participating in the host society. Balances heritage preservation with host participation.
What is a refugee under the standard international definition?

Person fleeing persecution who cannot safely return home. Protected under international law with specific rights.
What is a refugee (as distinct from an economic migrant)?

Person forced to flee due to persecution, conflict, or violence. Legal status differs from voluntary economic migrants.
What is the definition of an asylum seeker in migration terminology?

Person requesting refugee protection; claim not yet adjudicated. Differs from refugee by pending determination of protection status.
What is chain migration in the context of immigration and settlement?

Migration facilitated by family or community ties at destination. Social networks reduce migration costs and risks for newcomers.
Which option is the correct formula for net migration rate (NMR)?

$\text{NMR} = \frac{I - E}{\text{midyear population}} \times 1000$ . Rate per 1000 population using immigration minus emigration.
What is an asylum seeker in the context of forced migration?

A person requesting refugee protection whose claim is not yet decided. Status remains temporary until refugee determination is complete.
What is multiculturalism as an approach to immigrant incorporation?

Policy valuing cultural diversity and supporting multiple group identities. Encourages societal pluralism by recognizing and accommodating diverse cultural practices and identities.
What is the migrant network effect?

Existing migrants reduce costs and risks for new migrants. Networks provide housing, jobs, and cultural support, lowering migration barriers.
What is acculturation?

Adoption of aspects of a host culture while retaining origin culture. Involves selective cultural blending rather than complete cultural replacement.
What is the healthy immigrant effect?

New immigrants often show better health than native-born peers. Selection bias and health screening contribute to this temporary advantage.
What is the "healthy immigrant effect" in public health research?

Immigrants often arrive healthier than the host population. Selection bias: healthier individuals more likely to migrate.
What is a remittance in the context of migration?

Money sent by migrants to individuals in their origin country. Financial transfers supporting families in home countries.
What is the "salmon bias" hypothesis in studies of immigrant health outcomes?

Ill immigrants return home, making remaining immigrants seem healthier. Named after salmon returning to birthplace; may bias mortality statistics.
What is immigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people into a new country to reside there. Focuses on entering and establishing residence in a new nation.
Identify the net migration rate per $1000$ if $I=500$ , $E=200$ , population $=100000$ .

$3$ per $1000$ . Apply formula: $\frac{500-200}{100000} \times 1000 = 3$ per 1000.
What is voluntary migration?

Movement chosen by the individual (often for work or family). Motivated by personal goals without external compulsion.
What is assimilation (as a model of immigrant incorporation)?

Gradual blending into host society with reduced distinctiveness. Often involves language shift and cultural convergence.
Which concept describes migration driven by seasonal labor demand (e.g., harvest)?

Seasonal (circular) migration. Involves temporary relocation aligned with periodic labor needs, such as agriculture, allowing return to origin.
What is a transnational migrant?

Migrant who sustains active social and economic ties across countries. Lives span borders through ongoing cross-national engagement.
Identify the term for movement of higher-income residents into a city neighborhood.

Gentrification. Often displaces lower-income residents through rising costs.
What is emigration in sociological terms (relative to an origin country)?

Movement out of a country to reside elsewhere (temporary or permanent). Describes individuals leaving their home country, which can lead to population decline and brain drain in the origin area.
What is internal migration (as opposed to international migration)?

Movement within a country's borders. Distinguishes from international migration by staying within national boundaries.
Which option best defines the "healthy immigrant effect" observed in some studies?

Recent immigrants often show better health than natives initially. Selection bias favors healthier individuals who migrate.
Identify the term for long-term emotional strain from adapting to a new culture and language.

Acculturative stress. Results from navigating cultural differences and discrimination.
What is emigration in demographic terms?

Movement out of one's country of origin to reside elsewhere. Leaving one's home country to live abroad.
What is the definition of a push factor in migration decision-making?

Condition that drives people to leave their origin. Negative factors motivate departure from current location.
What is assimilation in the context of immigrant incorporation?

Adoption of host culture with reduced distinct original identity. Complete cultural absorption differs from partial acculturation.
What is international migration (as opposed to internal migration)?

Migration that crosses national borders. Involves crossing sovereign boundaries between nations.
What is an asylum seeker?

Person requesting refugee protection whose claim is not yet decided. May become refugee if claim approved; protected during process.
Identify the term for urban growth driven by rural-to-urban migration in LMICs.

Urbanization. Major demographic shift in developing countries; strains infrastructure.
What is a refugee under international definitions commonly used in sociology?

Person outside home country with well-founded fear of persecution. Legal status requires crossing borders and proving persecution risk.
What is a push factor in migration and immigration decisions?

An origin condition that motivates leaving (for example, conflict). Negative conditions drive people away from their current location.
What is the definition of emigration in population movement studies?

Movement out of a country or region to reside elsewhere. Opposite of immigration; focuses on departure from origin.
What is the definition of a refugee under international protection norms?

Person fleeing persecution with a well-founded fear of harm. Legal status requires proving risk of persecution.
What is forced migration (core defining feature)?

Movement compelled by threats such as war, persecution, or disaster. Arises from immediate dangers forcing relocation, contrasting with voluntary movements for opportunity.
Which type of migration is driven by threats such as war, persecution, or disaster?

Forced migration. Migrants have no choice due to immediate danger or coercion.
What is the definition of a diaspora?

A dispersed population maintaining ties to a shared homeland. Communities spread globally but connected to common origin.
What is the definition of immigration in population movement?

Movement of people into a new country to reside there. Focuses on entering and settling in a new country permanently.
What does the term "brain drain" mean in international migration?

Emigration of highly educated or skilled workers from origin country. Loss of human capital harms origin country development.
Which type of migration is primarily motivated by employment or education opportunities?

Voluntary migration. Migrants choose to move for perceived benefits.
What is the definition of immigration (as a form of migration) for the receiving country?

Movement into a country to reside there. Perspective from receiving nation; person becomes immigrant upon arrival.
What is acculturation (psychological and cultural change after migration)?

Adoption of aspects of the host culture by migrants. Involves psychological adaptation through contact with a new culture, leading to changes in behavior and identity.
What is the definition of rural-to-urban migration?

Movement from rural areas to cities, often for jobs and services. Driven by economic opportunities and urban amenities.
What is a diaspora in the context of population movement?

A dispersed population maintaining ties to a common homeland. Maintains cultural and emotional connections to an ancestral homeland despite geographic dispersion.
What is step migration?

Migration in stages through intermediate locations. Common pattern from rural to town to city over time.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced to flee home but remains within own country. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
What is brain gain as the counterpart concept to brain drain?

Increase in skilled labor in a country due to immigration or return migration. Benefits receiving countries through talent acquisition.
Which concept describes maintaining strong economic and social ties to the origin country while living abroad?

Transnationalism. Enabled by technology; challenges traditional assimilation models.
What is the definition of remittances in migration economics?

Money sent by migrants to individuals or households in origin areas. Crucial economic link supporting families and communities in home countries.
What is biculturalism?

Comfortable identification with both origin and host cultures. Maintains dual cultural competence without conflict between identities.
What is net migration?

Immigration minus emigration for a population. Positive value indicates more arrivals than departures.
Identify the net migration (not rate) if $I=1200$ and $E=900$ in a year.

$300$ . Net migration = immigrants minus emigrants: $1200 - 900 = 300$ .
What is chain migration as a driver of population movement?

Migration facilitated by family or community networks already present. Earlier migrants help relatives/friends follow the same path.
Which option best describes "brain drain" as a migration consequence?

Emigration of highly skilled workers from the origin country. Loss of human capital hinders origin country development.
What is the definition of a voluntary migrant?

Person who relocates by choice, often for economic or family reasons. Exercises agency in decision to relocate.
What is chain migration?

Migration driven by social ties to earlier migrants. Family/friends already there facilitate subsequent migration.
What is rural-to-urban migration (urbanization) in demographic terms?

Population movement from rural areas to cities. Major demographic shift driving global urbanization trends.
What is international migration?

Movement of people across national borders. Encompasses both immigration and emigration between countries.
What is forced migration, as contrasted with voluntary migration?

Movement compelled by conflict, persecution, disaster, or coercion. Includes refugees, asylum seekers, and trafficking victims.
What is multiculturalism as an approach to immigration?

Coexistence of multiple cultures with preservation of differences. Promotes maintaining distinct cultural identities in society.
What is the definition of immigration in population movement research?

Movement of individuals into a country or region to reside there. Focuses on entering and establishing residence in a new country.
What is the definition of urban-to-suburban migration (suburbanization)?

Movement from central cities to surrounding suburbs. Reflects desire for more space and suburban lifestyle.
What is marginalization as an acculturation outcome for immigrants?

Low connection to both origin culture and host culture. Results in cultural alienation from both societies.
Identify the term for skilled workers leaving a country, reducing its human capital.

Brain drain. Emigration of educated professionals depletes origin country's expertise.
Identify the migration pattern: people move from a city to surrounding suburbs.

Suburbanization. Often driven by housing costs and lifestyle preferences.
What is internal migration?

Movement within a country (for example, rural to urban). Differs from international migration by staying within national boundaries.
What is acculturation?

Adoption of aspects of a host culture after contact. Process varies in speed and extent across individuals.
State the formula for net migration rate per $1{,}000$ people.

NMR $= \frac{I - E}{\text{population}} \times 1{,}000$ . Standardizes migration to per thousand for comparison.
Identify the term for neighborhoods formed by immigrants to preserve culture and support.

Ethnic enclaves. Concentrated ethnic communities provide mutual aid and cultural continuity.
Which term refers to negative origin conditions that increase likelihood of leaving (push factors)?

Push factors. Examples include poverty, conflict, or environmental degradation.
Identify the correct formula for population change using births $B$ , deaths $D$ , $I$ , and $E$ .

Population change $= (B - D) + (I - E)$ . Natural increase plus net migration equals total change.
What is separation as an acculturation strategy among immigrants?

Maintaining origin culture while minimizing contact with host culture. Preserves heritage culture by limiting host society interactions.
What is immigration in sociological terms (relative to a destination country)?

Movement into a country to reside there (temporary or permanent). Refers to individuals entering a new country for residence, impacting the destination's population and social dynamics.
What is a refugee?

Person fleeing persecution, conflict, or violence across borders. Protected under international law; cannot return home due to fear of harm.
What is internal migration (as opposed to international migration)?

Movement within a country's borders. Includes rural-to-urban or interstate movements.
What is the definition of an asylum seeker?

Person requesting legal protection as a refugee in another country. Status pending while refugee claim is evaluated.
What is emigration in demographic terms (relative to an origin country)?

Movement out of a country to reside elsewhere. From the perspective of the country being left behind.
What is internal migration (as opposed to international migration)?

Migration within a single country's borders. Distinguishes domestic moves from international border crossings.
What is the definition of a push factor in migration?

A condition that motivates people to leave an origin area. Negative factors that drive people away from their current location.
What is pull migration (pull factors) as used in migration theory?

In-migration driven by attractive conditions at the destination. Happens when positive attributes such as jobs or safety attract individuals to a new destination.
What is the definition of a push factor in migration decision-making?

Origin condition that motivates leaving (for example conflict, poverty). Negative conditions that drive people away from their origin.
What is a pull factor in migration, in the push–pull framework?

Destination feature that attracts migrants (for example, jobs or safety). Positive attributes that draw migrants to destinations.
What is internal migration (as contrasted with international migration)?

Movement within the same country across regions. Involves relocating between states or provinces without crossing borders.
What is international migration?

Movement of people across national borders. Contrasts with internal migration by involving border crossings between nations.
What is the definition of a pull factor in migration decision-making?

Destination attribute that attracts migrants (for example jobs, safety). Positive conditions that draw people toward a destination.
What is chain migration as a mechanism of population movement?

Migration via family/social ties that facilitate later migrants. Networks reduce migration costs and risks for newcomers.
Identify the term for factors that attract migrants to a destination.

Pull factors. Examples include jobs, education, safety, or quality of life.
What is chain migration as a mechanism of population movement?

Migration facilitated by existing social ties in the destination. Networks reduce migration costs and risks for newcomers.
What is assimilation in the context of immigrant incorporation?

Adoption of host culture with reduced distinct cultural identity. Full cultural integration often occurs across generations.
Identify the net migration when 120,000 immigrate and 95,000 emigrate.

Net migration $= 25{,}000$ . Immigration minus emigration: $120{,}000 - 95{,}000 = 25{,}000$ .
Identify the term for migration from rural areas to cities.

Rural-to-urban migration (urbanization). Major demographic shift driving global urban growth.
What is cultural diffusion as it relates to migration?

Spread of cultural traits through contact between groups. Migration accelerates exchange of ideas, practices, and innovations between societies.
What is immigration in demographic terms (relative to a destination country)?

Movement into a country to reside there. Contrasts with emigration, which is leaving one's country.
What is the demographic formula for net migration rate (NMR) per $1{,}000$ population?

$\text{NMR}=\frac{I-E}{\text{population}}\times 1{,}000$ . I = immigrants, E = emigrants; positive means net immigration.
What is a migrant network (as used in migration sociology)?

Interpersonal ties linking migrants, former migrants, and nonmigrants. Facilitates ongoing migration by providing resources, information, and emotional support across locations.
What is marginalization as an acculturation outcome?

Low connection to both heritage culture and host culture. Associated with poor mental health and social exclusion.
What is brain drain?

Emigration of highly educated or skilled workers from a country. Represents loss of human capital for origin country.
Which option best defines an asylum seeker in the context of forced migration?

Person requesting refugee protection; claim not yet adjudicated. Status pending while refugee claim is being evaluated.
Which term refers to attractive destination conditions that increase likelihood of moving (pull factors)?

Pull factors. Examples include jobs, education, safety, or family reunification.
Identify the term for movement from rural areas to cities within a country.

Rural-to-urban migration (urbanization). Primary driver of global urbanization trends.
What is a forced migrant?

Person compelled to move due to threats such as war or disaster. Includes refugees and those fleeing natural disasters or extreme poverty.
What is acculturation?

Adopting aspects of a host culture while retaining parts of origin culture. Selective cultural adaptation maintains dual cultural competence.
What is an asylum seeker?

Person requesting refugee protection; claim not yet adjudicated. Status remains uncertain until authorities determine if refugee criteria are met.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

A person forced to flee home but who remains within their country's borders. Displaced but haven't crossed international borders.
What is the net migration rate (NMR) formula for a population?

$\text{NMR} = \frac{I - E}{N} \times 1000$ . I=immigrants, E=emigrants, N=population, per 1000 people.
Identify the correct formula for net migration given immigrants $I$ and emigrants $E$ .

Net migration $= I - E$ . Immigration minus emigration equals net population change.
What is the definition of emigration in population movement research?

Movement of individuals out of a country or region to reside elsewhere. Emphasizes leaving one's country to live permanently abroad.
What is xenophobia?

Fear or hostility toward foreigners or out-group members. Often increases during economic downturns or social change.
What is the definition of immigration in demography and population studies?

Movement into a new country or region to reside there. Focuses on entering and establishing residence in a new country.
What is the definition of internal migration (within-country migration)?

Movement of individuals from one area to another within the same country. Distinguishes domestic relocation from international movement.
What is the "healthy immigrant effect" in population health?

Recent immigrants often show better health than natives initially. Health advantage diminishes with time in host country.
What is the definition of a refugee in international migration contexts?

Person fleeing persecution who meets legal criteria for protection. Has internationally recognized legal status and rights.
What is the "push-pull" model of migration used to explain population movement?

Push factors drive exit; pull factors attract to destination. Classic framework analyzing migration as response to origin/destination factors.
What is emigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Opposite of immigration; focuses on leaving one's country of residence.
Which formula gives population change from births, deaths, and net migration?

$\Delta P = (B - D) + (I - E)$ . Natural increase $(B-D)$ plus net migration $(I-E)$ .
Calculate net migration: $I=50{,}000$ , $E=20{,}000$ . What is net migration?

$30{,}000$ . Apply formula: $50{,}000 - 20{,}000 = 30{,}000$ net immigrants.
What is the difference between a push factor and a pull factor in migration?

Push drives people out; pull attracts people to a destination. Push factors create reasons to leave; pull factors create incentives to arrive.
What is international migration (between nation-states)?

Residential movement that crosses an international border. Entails crossing sovereign borders, subjecting migrants to international laws and potential cultural adjustments.
What is international migration (as opposed to internal migration)?

Movement across national borders. Distinguishes from internal migration by crossing sovereign boundaries.
What is a remittance in the context of international labor migration?

Money sent by migrants to individuals or households in the origin area. Provides economic support to origin communities, often constituting a significant portion of GDP in developing countries.
What is immigration in demographic terms?

Movement into a new country to reside there (temporary or permanent). Crossing international borders to establish residence.
What is the definition of a pull factor in migration decision-making?

Condition that attracts people to a destination. Positive factors draw migrants toward specific destinations.
What is the brain drain effect of migration on a sending country?

Loss of highly educated or skilled workers through emigration. Depletes the origin country's talent pool, hindering development and economic growth.
Identify the term: movement from rural areas to cities within a country.

Rural-to-urban migration (urbanization). Major demographic shift in developing countries.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced migrant who remains within their country's borders. Differs from refugees by not crossing international boundaries.
What is net migration rate in demographic accounting?

Immigration minus emigration, typically expressed per population per year. Measures population change from international movement.
What is a push factor in migration, in the push–pull framework?

Origin condition that motivates leaving (for example, war or unemployment). Negative conditions that drive people away from origin.
What is acculturation in the context of immigration?

Adopting aspects of a new culture while retaining original culture. Blends new cultural elements without losing original identity.
Identify the sociological term for residential separation of groups in a city.

Segregation. Can be voluntary (self-segregation) or involuntary (discrimination).
What is the definition of an asylum seeker?

Person requesting refugee protection whose claim is not yet adjudicated. Status remains uncertain until legal determination.
What is internal migration?

Movement of people within the same country (between regions or cities). Geographic mobility without crossing international borders.
What is a refugee according to international protection concepts?

A person fleeing persecution with a well-founded fear of harm. Protected under international law due to persecution based on specific grounds.
What is the immigrant paradox in health/achievement outcomes?

Immigrants sometimes outperform natives despite lower SES. Strong family values may protect against SES disadvantages.
What is assimilation (as a long-term outcome of migration)?

Process of becoming integrated into the host society's dominant culture. Entails gradual adoption of the host society's norms, often over generations, reducing cultural distinctions.
What is the healthy immigrant effect observed in some populations?

New immigrants often show better health than natives at arrival. Selection bias favors healthier individuals who can undertake migration.
What is an asylum seeker?

Person requesting refugee protection; claim not yet adjudicated. Awaiting determination of refugee status by host country.
What is a voluntary migrant?

Person who moves primarily by choice (often for work or education). Contrasts with forced migration; person has agency in decision to relocate.
What is the demographic formula for net migration rate per $1{,}000$ population?

$\text{NMR}=\frac{I-E}{\text{midyear pop}}\times 1{,}000$ . I=immigrants, E=emigrants; positive NMR means net immigration.
What is assimilation (as an outcome of acculturation)?

Extensive adoption of host culture with reduced distinctiveness. Contrasts with maintaining separate cultural identity.
What is the definition of migration as used in population studies?

Relocation of people from one place to another. Broader term encompassing both immigration and emigration.
Identify the concept describing migration driven by environmental disruption.

Environmental (climate) migration. Displacement caused by climate change or disasters.
What is a diaspora?

A dispersed population maintaining ties to a common homeland. Examples include Jewish, Armenian, or Chinese diasporas.
What is a pull factor in migration and immigration decisions?

A destination attribute that attracts migrants (for example, jobs). Positive conditions draw people toward a new destination.
What is multiculturalism as an approach to immigration and diversity?

Coexistence of multiple cultures with maintained group identities. Policy approach emphasizing diversity over assimilation.
Identify the term for sending-country dependence on money sent home by migrants.

Remittances. Major source of income for many developing countries.
What is chain migration?

Migration facilitated by social networks of earlier migrants from the same group. Earlier migrants help family/friends follow the same path.
What is assimilation in the context of immigrant incorporation into a host society?

Adopting host culture with reduced distinct origin identity. More complete cultural integration than acculturation.
State the formula for net migration (count) for a period.

Net migration $= I - E$ . Where $I$ is immigrants and $E$ is emigrants for the period.
What is the brain gain effect associated with migration?

Increase in human capital via skilled immigration or return migration. Enhances the receiving or returning country's skilled workforce, fostering innovation and economic benefits.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced to flee home but remains within home country. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
What does the term brain gain refer to in international migration?

Inflow of highly skilled workers into a country. Benefits receiving country through skilled worker acquisition.
What is the definition of brain drain?

Emigration of highly skilled workers from the origin country. Loss of talent harms origin country's development.
Which option best describes remittances in migration economics?

Money migrants send back to family or communities in the origin country. Financial transfers support families and can boost origin country's economy.
What is emigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Emphasizes leaving one's country of origin permanently.
What is a remittance in the context of migration and transnational families?

Money sent by migrants to individuals in their origin country. Financial transfers supporting families across borders.
What is biculturalism as an outcome of acculturation?

Competence in and identification with both origin and host cultures. Associated with positive psychological and social outcomes.
Identify the term for the net change in population due to migration: $\text{immigrants} - \text{emigrants}$ .

Net migration. Calculates the overall population impact of migration flows, essential for demographic analysis.
What is the demographic transition model's general prediction about migration and urbanization?

Industrialization tends to increase urbanization via rural-to-urban migration. Economic development pulls rural populations to urban centers.
What is the definition of a refugee under international protection frameworks?

Person fleeing persecution who cannot safely return home. Legal status requires well-founded fear of persecution.
What is acculturation?

Adoption of elements of the host culture by immigrants. Broader than assimilation; can be selective or bidirectional.
What is immigration in demographic terms?

Movement into a new country or region to reside there. Contrasts with emigration, which is leaving one's country.
Which option best describes the "healthy immigrant effect" in health sociology?

New immigrants often show better health than native-born initially. Selection bias and pre-migration screening explain this paradox.
What is the healthy immigrant effect?

New immigrants often show better health than natives, partly due to selection. Selection bias favors healthier individuals who migrate.
What is the definition of forced migration?

Involuntary relocation due to conflict, persecution, or disasters. Contrasts with voluntary migration by lacking choice.
What is a voluntary migrant (as contrasted with forced migration)?

Person who chooses to move primarily for opportunity or preference. Involves personal choice rather than compulsion, often motivated by better economic or lifestyle prospects.
What is push migration (push factors) as used in migration theory?

Out-migration driven by adverse conditions at the origin. Occurs when negative factors like poverty or conflict compel individuals to leave their origin location.
What is the definition of emigration (as a form of migration) for the sending country?

Movement out of a country to reside elsewhere. Perspective from origin nation; person becomes emigrant upon departure.
What is internal migration?

Movement of people within a country's borders. Includes rural-urban, inter-state, or inter-regional moves.
What is integration as an acculturation strategy?

Maintains heritage culture while participating in host society. Bicultural identity; associated with best psychological outcomes.
What is the definition of an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced migrant who remains within their country of origin. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
Identify the term for migration from rural areas to cities within a country.

Rural-to-urban migration. Urbanization through internal population movement.
What is the definition of immigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people into a country to reside there. Distinguishes from emigration by focusing on arrival and settlement.
What is internal migration (within a single nation-state)?

Residential movement within a country (no international border crossed). Involves relocation within national boundaries, often driven by economic opportunities or urban pull factors.
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Forced migrant who remains within their country's borders. Unlike refugees, IDPs haven't crossed international borders.
What is internal migration?

Movement of people within a country's borders. Includes moves between states, cities, or regions without crossing international borders.
What is acculturation?

Adoption of aspects of a new culture after contact. Process varies by individual; doesn't require full assimilation.
What is the "immigrant paradox" in health and education outcomes?

Some immigrants show better outcomes than expected given adversity. Challenges deficit models; strong family ties may be protective.
What is emigration in demographic terms?

Movement of people out of a country to reside elsewhere. Emphasizes leaving one's country to live abroad.
What is internal migration?

Movement of people within the same country. Distinguishes from international migration by staying within borders.
What is the healthy immigrant effect?

Immigrants often show better health than natives initially. Health advantage often diminishes with time in host country.
What is the definition of migration as used in MCAT sociology and demography?

Relocation of people from one place to another. Broad term encompassing any geographic relocation of populations.
Which term describes the movement from rural areas to cities within a country?

Rural-to-urban migration (urbanization). Drives urbanization by shifting populations to cities for better employment and services, altering demographics.
What is the definition of immigration in population movement studies?

Movement into a new country or region to reside there. Distinguishes from emigration by focusing on arrival at destination.
What is international migration?

Movement across national borders to reside in another country. Contrasts with internal migration; involves crossing sovereign borders.
What is the "healthy immigrant effect" described in population health research?

Recent immigrants often show better health than native-born peers. Selection bias: healthier individuals more likely to migrate successfully.
What is assimilation as an acculturation outcome for immigrants?

Adopting the host culture with reduced retention of origin culture. One-directional change toward complete adoption of new cultural norms.

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