Social Institutions: Education and Family (9A) - Psych & Soc

What is the opposite pattern called when low expectations reduce performance?

Golem effect. Negative expectations similarly create poor performance outcomes.
What is the definition of a nuclear family?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. Traditional Western family unit, distinct from extended family structures.
Which concept describes credentials signaling competence more than teaching skills?

Credentialism. Collins' theory that degrees matter more for status than actual learning.
Which sociological perspective views education as promoting social cohesion and shared values?

Functionalism. Sees schools as socializing agents that create social solidarity.
What is cultural capital in the context of schooling?

Cultural knowledge and skills that confer educational advantage. Pierre Bourdieu's concept of class-based educational resources.
What is a patriarchal family system?

Male authority predominates in family decision-making and power. Traditional gender hierarchy with fathers as primary authorities.
What is the main function of the family in functionalist theory?

Socialization and support; regulation of reproduction and care. Family maintains social order through child-rearing.
What is the definition of the achievement gap?

Persistent group differences in academic performance and outcomes. Often measured by test scores, graduation rates, and college entry.
What is the definition of an extended family structure?

Household network including relatives beyond parents and children. Common in collectivist cultures; provides broader support networks.
Identify the parenting style: high warmth and low control with few demands.

Permissive parenting. Indulgent style with minimal boundaries or expectations.
What is the latent function of education in functionalist theory?

Socialization and social integration beyond formal curriculum. Unintended benefits like peer networks and social skills development.
What is the incest taboo in anthropology and sociology?

Norm prohibiting sexual relations between close kin. Universal cultural rule that promotes genetic diversity and social bonds.
What is a permissive parenting style?

High warmth with low control; few rules or demands. Indulgent parents who avoid confrontation and set few boundaries.
What is exogamy in mate selection?

Marriage outside one's social group. Promotes genetic diversity and creates alliances between groups.
What is the difference between a family of orientation and a family of procreation?

Orientation: family you are born into; procreation: family you form. Distinguishes birth family from marriage/partnership family roles.
What is the functionalist view of the family's role in society?

Stabilizes society via socialization, support, and regulation. Parsons: family serves essential functions for social order.
Identify the kinship system in which descent is traced through the mother's line.

Matrilineal descent. Kinship through mothers determines inheritance and group membership.
What is stereotype threat in academic settings?

Performance declines when a negative group stereotype is salient. Awareness of stereotypes creates anxiety that impairs performance.
What is assortative mating?

Partner selection based on similarity in traits such as education or class. Like marries like, reinforcing social stratification.
What is an authoritarian parenting style?

High control, low warmth; strict rules with limited dialogue. Emphasizes obedience over explanation or emotional connection.
What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?

Teaching academic skills and knowledge to prepare students for work. The intended, openly stated goals of formal education.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into course levels based on perceived ability. Often reinforces inequality through different expectations and resources.
What is stereotype threat in academic performance?

Anxiety about confirming a stereotype reduces performance. Fear of fulfilling negative stereotypes impairs test performance.
What is endogamy in mate selection?

Marriage within the same social group. Promotes group cohesion and shared values.
What is neglectful (uninvolved) parenting?

Low warmth and low control; minimal involvement. Parents are emotionally detached and provide little guidance.
Which term describes marriage between one person and multiple spouses?

Polygamy. Includes both polygyny (multiple wives) and polyandry (multiple husbands).
What is endogamy in the context of marriage patterns?

Marriage within one's social group (for example, religion or ethnicity). Maintains group boundaries and cultural identity.
What is stereotype threat in academic testing situations?

Performance impairment from anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype. Steele's concept of how stereotype awareness harms test performance.
What is social reproduction as described by conflict theorists of education?

Schools perpetuate class inequality across generations. Education maintains existing social hierarchies rather than promoting mobility.
What is the Pygmalion effect in education?

Teacher expectations can raise or lower student performance. Self-fulfilling prophecy where beliefs shape reality.
What is the incest taboo in sociology?

A cultural prohibition against sexual relations among close kin. Universal norm preventing genetic problems and role confusion.
What is an authoritarian parenting style?

High control with low warmth; strict rules and punishment. Emphasizes obedience and discipline over emotional responsiveness.
What is the definition of family in sociology?

A social institution that regulates reproduction and socialization. Primary agent of socialization and basic economic unit across cultures.
What is the extended family structure?

Household including relatives beyond parents and children (for example, grandparents). Multiple generations or lateral kin sharing resources and residence.
What is exogamy in mate selection?

Marrying outside a specific social group. Marriage across social boundaries; opposite of endogamy.
Identify the parenting style: high warmth and high control.

Authoritative parenting. Balances responsiveness with clear expectations and boundaries.
Identify the kinship pattern: descent and inheritance traced through the mother.

Matrilineal descent. Common in societies where women control property rights.
What is the definition of a nuclear family in sociology?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. The traditional Western family model, distinct from extended families.
Identify the parenting style: low warmth and low control with minimal involvement.

Neglectful (uninvolved) parenting. Parents are disengaged from child's life and needs.
What is the difference between the family of orientation and the family of procreation?

Orientation: family of birth; procreation: family formed by marriage/children. Orientation is where you're raised; procreation is what you create.
What is the nuclear family structure?

Two parents and their dependent children living as one household unit. The traditional Western family model of isolated conjugal unit.
What is the manifest function of education?

Intended outcomes such as teaching knowledge and skills. Explicitly stated goals that schools aim to achieve.
What is a blended family?

A family formed by remarriage with children from prior unions. Also called stepfamily; combines children from different parents.
What is the primary claim of the symbolic interactionist view of education?

Daily interactions and labels shape student identity and outcomes. Focuses on teacher-student interactions and labeling effects.
What is the difference between patrilocal and matrilocal residence patterns?

Patrilocal: live near husband's kin; matrilocal: near wife's kin. Reflects cultural values about kinship and gender roles.
What is the latent function of education?

Unintended outcomes such as socialization and networking. Byproducts that occur without deliberate planning.
What is the hidden curriculum in schools?

Implicit norms and values taught through school routines. Lessons about conformity, authority, and competition learned indirectly.
What is the conflict theory perspective on the family?

Family can reproduce inequality through power and resource control. Conflict theory critiques the family for mirroring broader societal conflicts, where dominant members control assets and perpetuate class-based disadvantages.
What is the hidden curriculum in education?

Implicit norms and values learned through school routines. Teaches conformity, punctuality, and authority respect indirectly.
What is the Pygmalion effect in education?

Higher expectations lead to improved student performance. Rosenthal & Jacobson's study showing expectancy effects.
What is an authoritative parenting style?

High warmth, high control; firm rules with reasoning and support. Balances expectations with emotional responsiveness.
What is the incest taboo?

Cultural prohibition of sexual relations among close relatives. Universal norm preventing genetic problems and role confusion.
What does conflict theory emphasize about education and social stratification?

Schools reproduce inequality by privileging dominant groups. Views schools as maintaining class hierarchies.
What is the primary function of the family in structural functionalism?

Socialization and regulation of reproduction to maintain social stability. Parsons viewed families as society's primary socialization agent.
What is stereotype threat in academic performance?

Anxiety about confirming a stereotype impairs performance. Test-takers worry about group stereotypes, reducing cognitive capacity.
What is an uninvolved (neglectful) parenting style?

Low warmth, low control; little monitoring or responsiveness. Parents are emotionally distant and provide minimal guidance.
What is social reproduction theory as applied to education?

Schools perpetuate class inequality across generations. Wealthy students access better schools, maintaining social hierarchy.
What is the Pygmalion effect in the classroom?

Higher teacher expectations increase student performance. The Pygmalion effect demonstrates how positive teacher expectations can enhance student motivation and performance through increased support and opportunities in the learning environment.
What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?

Formal instruction to develop knowledge and occupational skills. The intended, explicitly stated goals of educational institutions.
What is the feminist perspective on the family as an institution?

Family can institutionalize patriarchy and unequal domestic labor. Feminist theory highlights how family structures reinforce gender inequalities by normalizing male dominance and the uneven distribution of household responsibilities.
What is the difference between patrilocal and matrilocal residence?

Patrilocal: near husband's kin; matrilocal: near wife's kin. Post-marriage residence patterns reflect cultural gender norms.
What is the extended family structure?

Household or network including relatives beyond parents and children. Includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in education?

Separating students into course levels based on perceived ability. Often limits opportunities for lower-track students.
What is the manifest function of education?

Formal transmission of knowledge and job-related skills. Intended, observable outcomes explicitly stated by institutions.
What is the extended family structure?

Household including relatives beyond parents and children. Common in collectivist cultures; provides broader support.
What is credentialism in the sociology of education?

Using degrees as signals to screen and sort workers. Credentialism explains how educational qualifications serve as societal mechanisms for employers to evaluate and allocate individuals into occupational positions based on perceived competence.
What is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family?

Nuclear: parents and children; extended: includes other relatives. Nuclear is immediate family only; extended spans generations.
What is the latent function of education in functionalist theory?

Socialization into norms and values beyond explicit instruction. Unintended social learning that occurs alongside formal curriculum.
What is an authoritative parenting style?

High warmth and high control; firm rules with explanation. Balances responsiveness with clear expectations and reasoning.
What is the Pygmalion effect in classrooms?

Higher teacher expectations increase student performance. Positive expectations boost achievement (Rosenthal & Jacobson).
What is cultural capital in the context of educational achievement?

Nonfinancial resources (language, habits) valued by schools. Middle-class behaviors give educational advantages.
What is the definition of a family as a social institution in sociology?

A group linked by kinship that provides social and economic support. Sociologically, family functions as a primary institution for maintaining social order by offering mutual aid and stability through blood or legal ties.
What is a patriarchal family structure?

Male authority predominates in decision-making and roles. Father/husband holds primary power; historically dominant.
What is the correspondence principle (Bowles and Gintis)?

School structure mirrors workplace hierarchy, training compliance. Prepares workers to accept authority and routine tasks.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in teacher expectations and student outcomes?

Expectations elicit behaviors that make the expected outcome more likely. Rosenthal effect where beliefs shape reality through changed behavior.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in an educational setting?

Teacher expectations shape student performance to match beliefs. Low expectations become reality through reduced support and engagement.
What is the difference between marriage and kinship?

Marriage is a legal union; kinship is family ties by blood or marriage. Marriage creates legal bonds; kinship includes all family relations.
What is the latent function of education?

Unintended outcomes such as socialization and networking. Unplanned benefits that emerge from the educational process.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in education?

Separating students into different academic levels or paths. Often reinforces social stratification patterns.
What is the primary claim of the conflict view of education?

Education reproduces inequality and legitimizes dominant groups. Schools maintain power structures through unequal resources.
What is the conflict theory view of education's primary social role?

Reproducing social inequality through stratification. Schools perpetuate class divisions, not equalize opportunity.
What is social reproduction theory in education?

Schools perpetuate existing social class structure across generations. Education maintains inequality by favoring privileged groups.
What is the conflict theory view of the family?

Reproduces inequality through power and resource differences. Family reinforces gender roles and economic disparities.
What is the definition of a nuclear family in sociology?

Two parents and their children living in one household. The traditional Western family unit, distinct from extended kinship networks.
What is a single-parent family?

A family in which one parent is the primary caregiver. Single-parent families often result from divorce, death, or choice, placing sole responsibility on one adult for child-rearing and household management.
What is the credentialist (credentialism) perspective on education?

Degrees signal status and gatekeep jobs more than skills. Emphasizes credentials as social sorting rather than skill building.
Which term describes unequal school resources due to neighborhood tax bases?

Structural inequality in school funding (resource stratification). Property taxes fund schools, creating rich vs. poor district disparities.
What is social reproduction as applied to educational systems?

Intergenerational transmission of class status via schooling. Schools perpetuate existing social inequalities.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into academic levels based on perceived ability. Can reinforce inequality through differential expectations and resources.
What is the functionalist view of education's role in society?

Socialization and role allocation to maintain social stability. Schools prepare workers and sort people into social roles.
What is the definition of the achievement gap in education?

Persistent group differences in academic outcomes. Often measured by test scores, graduation rates by race/class.
What is the nuclear family structure?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. The nuclear family represents the basic unit in modern industrial societies, emphasizing independence and mobility while focusing on child-rearing within a conjugal household.
What is a blended family?

Family formed by remarriage that includes step-relations. Combines children from previous relationships into one household.
What is stereotype threat in academic testing situations?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes can reduce test performance in stigmatized groups.
What is the definition of the achievement gap in education?

Persistent group differences in academic performance outcomes. Often measured by test scores, graduation rates, or college enrollment.
What is the symbolic interactionist focus in classroom education?

Meaning-making through labels, expectations, and interactions. How daily interactions shape educational experiences.
What is the key claim of symbolic interactionism about schooling?

Everyday labels and interactions shape student identity and outcomes. Micro-level interactions create educational realities.
Identify the parenting style: low warmth and high control.

Authoritarian parenting. Emphasizes obedience and discipline over emotional connection.
What concept states that schools teach obedience, punctuality, and hierarchy for work?

Hidden curriculum. Implicit lessons about workplace behavior taught through school structure.
What is the conflict theory view of education's main societal role?

Reproducing inequality and legitimizing elite power. Schools serve dominant groups by maintaining status quo power structures.
What is the Pygmalion effect in education?

Higher expectations lead to improved student performance. Named after Shaw's play; positive expectations boost achievement.
What is a permissive parenting style?

High warmth, low control; few rules and minimal enforcement. Prioritizes child's desires over structure or boundaries.
What is cultural capital in Bourdieu's theory of education?

Valued cultural knowledge and dispositions that aid success. Elite families pass advantages through cultural knowledge and behaviors.
What is the difference between de jure and de facto school segregation?

De jure is by law; de facto is by residential patterns and practice. Legal mandates vs. neighborhood demographics create separation.
What is cultural capital in the context of educational achievement?

Cultural knowledge and skills that confer school advantage. Bourdieu's concept of class-based advantages in educational settings.
What is the difference between patrilineal and matrilineal descent?

Patrilineal: father's line; matrilineal: mother's line. Kinship systems determining inheritance and family membership.
What is the incest taboo in sociological terms?

A cultural prohibition against sexual relations among close kin. Universal norm preventing genetic problems.
What is the conflict theory view of education?

Education reproduces inequality and reinforces dominant power. Schools serve elite interests and maintain class divisions.
What is the teacher expectancy effect?

Teacher beliefs shape student opportunities and outcomes. Similar to Pygmalion effect but broader than just high expectations.
What is the primary claim of the functionalist view of education?

Education socializes, integrates, and allocates people to roles. Schools serve society by preparing workers and citizens.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

Expectations shape student performance to match the expectations. Rosenthal effect: teacher beliefs influence student outcomes.
What is the latent function of education called that teaches norms and values beyond content?

The hidden curriculum. Implicit lessons about conformity, punctuality, and authority.
What is the "banking model" of education criticized by conflict theorists?

Students are treated as passive recipients of deposited knowledge. Paulo Freire's critique: education as one-way information transfer.
Which term describes residence with the husband's family after marriage?

Patrilocal residence. Common in patriarchal societies; wife joins husband's household.
What is the hidden curriculum in education?

Unstated norms and values taught through school routines. Implicit lessons about conformity, authority, and social expectations.
What is the correspondence principle in conflict theory of education?

School norms mirror workplace hierarchy and discipline. Bowles & Gintis: schools prepare workers for capitalist labor relations.
What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?

Formal transmission of knowledge and job skills. Functionalists see schools as teaching skills needed for the workforce.
What is the main idea of the meritocracy model of education?

Status is allocated based on individual ability and effort. Assumes equal opportunity leads to fair outcomes.
What is endogamy in mate selection?

Marrying within a specific social group. Marriage within same race, class, religion, or ethnicity.
What is the Pygmalion effect in education?

Higher teacher expectations increase student performance. Rosenthal-Jacobson study showed teacher beliefs boost achievement.
What does cultural capital mean in the context of schooling?

Nonfinancial cultural knowledge and dispositions rewarded by schools. Middle-class behaviors and knowledge give educational advantages.
What is the Pygmalion effect in classroom settings?

Higher teacher expectations lead to higher student achievement. Rosenthal-Jacobson study showed teacher expectations boost performance.
Which family function refers to transmitting norms, values, and roles to children?

Socialization. Primary agents teaching cultural expectations and social behaviors.
What is the symbolic interactionist view of family life?

Family roles and meanings are created through interaction. Focuses on daily interactions that construct family identity.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Placing students into different academic levels based on performance. Can reinforce inequality through differential expectations.
What is exogamy in mate selection?

Marriage outside one's social group. Promotes genetic diversity and inter-group alliances.
What is the distinction between endogamy and exogamy in mate selection?

Endogamy: marry within group; exogamy: marry outside group. Social rules about appropriate marriage partners by group membership.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes education as reproducing inequality and power?

Conflict theory. Views schools as maintaining class divisions and elite dominance.
What is social reproduction as applied to schooling?

Intergenerational transmission of social inequality through institutions. Schools maintain existing social hierarchies across generations.
What is a blended family?

Family with spouses and children from prior relationships. Also called stepfamily; formed through remarriage with children.
What is the manifest function of education?

Intended, explicit purposes such as teaching knowledge and skills. These are the stated goals that schools openly pursue.
What is social reproduction as applied to schooling outcomes?

Intergenerational transmission of class advantages via schools. Schools help wealthy families maintain their children's class position.
What is a blended family?

Family formed when partners bring children from previous relationships. Stepfamilies created through remarriage with existing children.
What is an egalitarian family structure?

Shared power and relatively equal division of roles. Partners share domestic labor and decision-making equally.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of schooling?

Expectations shape behavior, causing the expected outcome. People internalize others' expectations and act accordingly.
What is the functionalist view of the family's primary functions?

Socialization, regulation of reproduction, and economic/emotional support. Functionalists view the family as essential for societal stability by fulfilling key roles in nurturing, controlling population growth, and providing security.
What is the nuclear family structure?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. Most common family form in industrialized societies.
What does conflict theory emphasize about education and inequality?

Schools reproduce social class inequality via unequal power and resources. Education perpetuates existing class hierarchies.
What is the manifest function of education in society?

Formal transmission of knowledge and skills. Schools explicitly teach academic content and job skills.
What is the definition of family as a social institution in sociology?

A group related by blood, marriage, or adoption that provides support. Includes both biological and chosen families serving social functions.
What is cultural capital in the context of educational attainment?

Nonfinancial cultural knowledge and skills valued by schools. Middle-class advantages like museum visits and vocabulary exposure.
What is the achievement gap in education?

Persistent performance differences between student groups. The achievement gap arises from systemic inequalities in resources, opportunities, and biases that result in ongoing disparities in academic outcomes across demographic groups.
What is assortative mating in family sociology?

Partner selection based on similar social characteristics. Assortative mating promotes social stability by pairing individuals with comparable backgrounds, thereby reinforcing existing class, educational, and cultural boundaries.
What is a blended family?

A family formed when partners bring children from prior relationships. Blended families emerge from remarriages, integrating children from previous unions to form new kinship ties and adapt to complex relational dynamics.
What is social capital as it relates to education?

Resources gained through social networks and relationships. Social capital theory posits that connections and relationships provide access to information, opportunities, and support that enhance educational outcomes and social mobility.
What is the hidden curriculum in education?

Unwritten norms and values students learn through school routines. Implicit lessons about conformity, punctuality, and hierarchy.
What is credentialism in education?

Inflation of educational requirements for jobs. Jobs requiring degrees beyond what's needed for actual tasks.
What is the interactionist focus when studying education?

Everyday school interactions, labeling, and meaning-making. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes how micro-level processes in schools, such as teacher-student interactions and peer labeling, construct individual identities and educational experiences.
What is the core claim of credentialism in education?

Degrees signal status and gatekeep jobs beyond actual skills. Inflated requirements maintain class barriers to employment.
What is the definition of the family as a social institution?

A group that regulates reproduction, socialization, and support. Primary unit for child-rearing and emotional care.
What is the core claim of the correspondence principle (Bowles and Gintis)?

School socializes obedience mirroring workplace hierarchy. Hidden curriculum trains workers for capitalist compliance.
What is the difference between patriarchy and matriarchy?

Patriarchy: male dominance; matriarchy: female dominance. Describes gendered power in family structures.
What is the nuclear family structure?

Two parents and their dependent children. Most common in industrialized Western societies.
What is cultural capital in the context of educational attainment?

Nonfinancial cultural knowledge and skills that confer academic advantage. Bourdieu's concept of how class-based cultural resources affect school success.
What is the definition of an extended family?

Household including relatives beyond parents and children. Includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, or other kin in the home.
What is a matriarchal family structure?

Female authority predominates in decision-making and roles. Mother/wife holds primary power; relatively rare globally.
Identify the kinship pattern: descent and inheritance traced through the father.

Patrilineal descent. Most common pattern globally, often linked to male property control.
What is the Coleman effect regarding school outcomes?

Family socioeconomic status strongly predicts achievement. Home resources matter more than school quality.
What is the latent function of education in functionalist theory?

Social integration and transmission of norms beyond formal curriculum. Unintended benefits like peer networks and social skills development.
What is an extended family structure?

A household including relatives beyond parents and children. Extended families provide broader support networks by incorporating multiple generations or kin, common in cultures valuing collective responsibility and resource sharing.
What is tracking (academic ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into different course levels by perceived ability. Creates different educational paths that often reinforce inequality.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into different academic levels based on perceived ability. Educational practice that often reinforces social stratification.
What is a single-parent family?

A household with one parent raising one or more children. Increasingly common family structure in modern society.
What is the definition of the nuclear family in sociology?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. Basic family unit in industrialized societies.
What is the difference between the nuclear family and the extended family?

Nuclear: parents and children; extended: includes other relatives. Nuclear is the core unit; extended includes grandparents, aunts, etc.
What is a single-parent family?

Family in which one parent is the primary caregiver in the household. Increasingly common structure due to divorce and non-marital births.
What is the latent function of education in functionalist theory?

Socialization into norms, values, and social roles. Unintended social learning beyond formal curriculum.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy effect in educational settings?

Expectations shape student performance to match the expectation. Teacher beliefs become reality through differential treatment.
What is tracking in schools?

Grouping students by perceived ability into different academic paths. Often reinforces inequality through differential expectations and resources.
What is the digital divide as it relates to education?

Unequal access to technology and internet resources. Creates educational disadvantages for students without tech access.
What is the incest taboo in kinship systems?

Cultural prohibition against sexual relations with close kin. Universal norm preventing genetic problems and role confusion.
What does conflict theory emphasize about family structure and power?

Family can reinforce patriarchy and unequal distribution of resources. Gender roles and economic inequality within families.
Identify the parenting style: high warmth and high control with clear rules.

Authoritative parenting. Balances responsiveness with demandingness; most effective style.
What is the hidden curriculum in schools?

Implicit lessons about norms, obedience, and social roles. The hidden curriculum refers to the unspoken transmission of societal expectations and behaviors in schools, reinforcing conformity and hierarchy beyond formal academic content.
What is exogamy in the context of marriage patterns?

Marriage outside one's social group. Promotes genetic diversity and social connections.
What is a nuclear family structure?

Two parents and their dependent children in one household. The traditional Western ideal of isolated family units.
What is the stereotype threat mechanism affecting student performance?

Anxiety about confirming stereotypes impairs performance. Stereotype threat theory explains that fear of validating negative group stereotypes creates psychological pressure, which disrupts cognitive functioning and academic achievement.
What is stereotype threat in academic performance?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes reduces test scores.
What is endogamy in mate selection?

Marriage within the same social group (for example, class, religion, ethnicity). Homogamy pattern that maintains social boundaries and group cohesion.
What does conflict theory argue is a core function of education?

Reproduction of social inequality and class stratification. Schools maintain existing power structures by favoring dominant groups.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into different academic levels or paths. Can reinforce inequality through differential expectations.
What is the Pygmalion effect in educational settings?

Higher teacher expectations produce higher student performance. Teachers' positive beliefs become self-fulfilling prophecies.
What term describes unequal school resources based on neighborhood wealth?

Educational stratification. Systematic inequality in educational quality and resources.
What is the difference between patrilineal and matrilineal descent?

Patrilineal via father's line; matrilineal via mother's line. Determines inheritance and family name lineage.
What is the definition of an extended family?

Household or network including relatives beyond parents and children. Includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or other kin.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in classroom achievement?

Expectations elicit behaviors that make the expectation come true. Rosenthal effect where beliefs shape reality through altered behavior.
Identify the parenting style: low warmth and high control emphasizing obedience.

Authoritarian parenting. Strict rules without emotional warmth; values compliance.
What is exogamy in mate selection?

Marriage outside one's social group. Increases genetic diversity and social ties.
What is the definition of the extended family?

Household or kin network including relatives beyond parents and children. Includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the classroom context?

Beliefs about a student elicit behaviors that make the belief come true. Teacher expectations shape student behavior and achievement.
What is credentialism in the sociology of education?

Using degrees as gatekeeping signals for jobs. Employers require degrees even when skills aren't necessary for the job.
What is the manifest function of education?

Formal transmission of knowledge and job skills. Intended, explicitly stated goals of educational institutions.
What does social reproduction mean in sociology of education?

Intergenerational transmission of class status via institutions. Schools maintain existing social hierarchies across generations.
What is an extended family structure?

Household including relatives beyond parents and children. Grandparents, aunts, cousins often provide childcare and support.
What is a latent function of education emphasized by functionalism?

Socialization into norms and values. Schools unintentionally teach shared cultural values and social rules.
Which perspective focuses on labels and day-to-day interactions shaping student identity?

Symbolic interactionism. Examines how teacher-student interactions create educational outcomes.
Identify the term for a teacher expectation that causes a student to perform accordingly.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Students internalize and fulfill teacher expectations.
What is social reproduction as explained by conflict theorists of education?

Intergenerational transmission of social inequality through schooling. Schools perpetuate class differences across generations.
What is cultural capital in the context of educational achievement?

Nonfinancial cultural knowledge and skills rewarded by schools. Bourdieu's concept of class-based advantages in education.
What is tracking (ability grouping) in schools?

Separating students into course levels based on perceived ability. Tracking systems in education stratify students by assumed abilities to tailor instruction, though they often perpetuate inequalities by limiting access to advanced curricula.
Which marriage pattern requires choosing a spouse from outside one's social group?

Exogamy. Exogamy rules prevent inbreeding and foster alliances between groups by mandating marriage outside one's immediate kin or social category.
What is endogamy in mate selection?

Marriage within the same social group. Maintains group boundaries and preserves cultural traditions.
Identify the term for a marriage system in which a person has multiple spouses.

Polygamy. Polygamy allows multiple spousal relationships, often rooted in cultural, economic, or religious practices that expand family alliances and support systems.
What is stereotype threat as it relates to educational testing?

Anxiety about confirming a stereotype impairs performance. Fear of confirming negative stereotypes reduces test scores.
What is the difference between endogamy and exogamy in mate choice?

Endogamy: within group; exogamy: outside the group. Marriage rules that maintain or expand social boundaries.
Identify the term for a family system in which descent is traced through the mother.

Matrilineal descent. Kinship traced through mothers; property and names follow maternal line.
What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?

Transmission of knowledge and job skills to students. Intended, explicit educational goals of schools.
What is social reproduction as it relates to education and inequality?

Intergenerational transmission of social class via institutions like schools. Schools perpetuate existing class hierarchies across generations.
What is the symbolic interactionist focus when studying education?

Meaning-making in daily interactions (labels, expectations, roles). Examines how classroom interactions create social reality.
What does cultural capital mean in the context of education?

Nonfinancial cultural knowledge and skills that confer advantage. Elite families pass advantages through tastes, habits, and networks.
What is the conflict theory view of education's primary social role?

Reproducing social inequality and maintaining class structure. Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates existing power structures by favoring dominant classes, thus ensuring the continuity of socioeconomic disparities across generations.
Which term describes marriage between individuals of similar social status?

Endogamy. Marriage within one's social group maintains class boundaries.
What is social reproduction theory of education?

Schools perpetuate social inequality across generations. Bourdieu's theory that schools maintain class stratification.

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