Self-Presentation and Impression Management (8C) - Psych & Soc

Which impression management strategy best fits: "I cannot do this; I need someone else"?

Supplication. Emphasizes inability to prompt others to help.
What is self-presentation in social psychology?

Strategic regulation of behavior to control others' impressions. People consciously adjust their behavior to shape how others see them.
What is exemplification as a self-presentation strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to appear virtuous. Demonstrates integrity to gain moral respect and trust.
Identify the strategy: A student highlights awards to appear highly capable.

Self-promotion. Highlighting accomplishments is a tactic to convey competence and enhance one's image in evaluative contexts.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-view shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's concept shows how we internalize others' perceptions.
What is a face-threatening act (FTA)?

An action that challenges another person's desired social image. FTAs undermine the target's face, prompting defensive responses to restore social equilibrium.
What is the "presentation of self" in Goffman's dramaturgical theory?

Social interaction as performance; people act to shape audience impressions. Views social life as theater where people play roles for audiences.
What is self-verification theory in the context of self-presentation?

Preference for feedback that confirms one's existing self-concept. People seek feedback that matches their self-view, even if negative.
What is self-handicapping in impression management?

Creating obstacles to protect self-esteem if performance is poor. Provides excuses before failure to protect self-image.
Identify the strategy: A coworker stresses inability to gain assistance on a task.

Supplication. Emphasizing helplessness manipulates others into providing aid by evoking pity or obligation.
What is the "looking-glass self" concept?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the "back stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical perspective?

Private setting where people drop the performance and prepare. Where we can be ourselves without maintaining a public image.
Which impression management strategy best fits: "I stayed late to help the team"?

Exemplification. Shows dedication and sacrifice for the team's benefit.
What is the spotlight effect?

Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or errors. We think others notice us more than they actually do.
What is the self-monitoring trait?

Tendency to adjust behavior to fit social situations and audiences. Reflects flexibility in adapting self-presentation to context.
What is a self-schema in the context of self-concept and self-presentation?

Cognitive framework organizing beliefs about the self. Self-schemas structure self-related information, guiding behavior and self-presentation in social situations.
Identify the concept: A person changes speech style across groups to fit in.

High self-monitoring. Shows adaptation to different social contexts.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Projecting power or threat to influence others' behavior. Uses fear or dominance to control social interactions.
Which trait best describes a low self-monitor: situation-adaptive or value-consistent?

Value-consistent. Low self-monitors prioritize alignment with personal values and beliefs over situational adaptation in self-presentation.
What is self-promotion as a self-presentation strategy?

Emphasizing competence or achievements to be seen as capable. Highlights abilities to establish credibility and respect.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by a target. Seeks approval through compliments and conformity.
What is the fundamental attribution error in the context of impression formation?

Overattributing others' behavior to traits and underweighting context. We judge others by personality but excuse our own situations.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Using threats or dominance cues to appear powerful. Creates fear to gain compliance and control.
What is the "back stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Private setting with relaxed performance and reduced impression control. Where authentic self emerges without audience pressure.
Which trait best characterizes a low self-monitor?

Behavior is consistent with internal attitudes across contexts. They act the same regardless of social context.
Identify the term: "I did poorly because I barely slept" said before an exam to protect self-esteem.

Self-handicapping. Creates excuse before performance to protect against failure.
Identify the concept: changing behavior to match a job interview setting.

Impression management (context-dependent self-presentation). Adapting presentation style to fit professional expectations.
Identify the impression management tactic: a student praises a professor to gain favor.

Ingratiation. Flattery aims to increase liking and gain favor.
Which concept best fits: "After a public mistake, someone apologizes to save face"?

Facework. Repairs social image after threatening one's dignity.
Identify the impression management tactic: "I stayed late to finish the report."

Self-promotion. Highlighting work effort shows competence.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational cues and social expectations. High self-monitors excel at this adaptive social skill.
Which self-monitoring level best fits: "I act differently with different groups"?

High self-monitoring. Shows strong adaptation to different social contexts.
What is the "front stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical perspective?

Public setting where people perform to create a desired impression. Where we actively manage impressions for our audience.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Advertising weakness or neediness to obtain help or leniency. Elicits sympathy or assistance through helplessness.
What is supplication as a self-presentation strategy?

Presenting oneself as needy or weak to obtain help or sympathy. Exploits helplessness to elicit assistance from others.
Which trait best characterizes low self-monitors?

They act consistently with internal attitudes across contexts. Low self-monitors prioritize authenticity over social appropriateness.
What is impression motivation?

Desire to control others' impressions due to goals or outcomes. Drive to manage impressions for social or personal benefits.
Identify the concept: A student parties before an exam to preserve self-esteem if they fail.

Self-handicapping. Partying creates an external excuse for poor performance, safeguarding the individual's sense of competence.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence or achievements to appear capable. Highlights skills and successes to demonstrate competence.
What is self-presentation, and what is its primary goal?

Behavior aimed at shaping others' impressions to achieve social goals. We actively manage our image to gain approval or achieve objectives.
What is the "front stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Public behavior tailored to an audience to manage impressions. Where social performances occur for specific audiences.
Identify the concept: "A person exaggerates résumé skills to appear competent."

Self-promotion. Strategy to appear competent by highlighting achievements.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by others. Making oneself likeable through compliments or conformity.
Which trait best describes high self-monitors?

Flexible behavior that shifts to match audience expectations. They adapt their presentation based on social context.
Identify the concept: feeling uneasy when behavior contradicts a "kind" self-image.

Cognitive dissonance. Discomfort when actions clash with self-concept motivates change.
Which trait best describes a low self-monitoring person?

Behavior is consistent and guided by internal attitudes. Low self-monitors maintain consistency regardless of social context.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Using threats or toughness to elicit compliance. Intimidation leverages fear or power displays to influence others' behaviors and perceptions forcefully.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to appear virtuous. Shows integrity to gain moral respect and trust.
What is the dramaturgical model of self-presentation (Goffman)?

Social interaction as performance with roles, scripts, and stages. Views social life as theater where we act out roles for audiences.
Which option best describes a high self-monitoring person?

Changes behavior across situations to match social norms. High self-monitors are social chameleons who adapt to context.
Identify the strategy: someone acts helpless so others will do tasks for them.

Supplication. Feigning incompetence to avoid responsibility or gain assistance.
What is the definition of intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Projecting threat to gain compliance or deter challenge. Uses fear to control others' behavior.
Which pattern best describes a low self-monitoring person?

Behavior stays consistent across situations, guided by inner traits. Low self-monitors prioritize authenticity over social adaptation.
What is intimidation as a self-presentation strategy?

Projecting threat or power to make others comply. Uses fear to control others' behavior and gain obedience.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to increase being liked. Aims to be liked through compliments and conformity.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Advertising weakness to gain help or avoid responsibility. Playing helpless to elicit sympathy or assistance.
What is cognitive dissonance, and how can it relate to self-presentation?

Discomfort from inconsistency; may shift attitudes to match presented behavior. Acting contrary to beliefs creates tension, changing attitudes to match acts.
Identify the impression strategy: A person stresses helplessness to avoid responsibility.

Supplication. Feigning weakness reduces expectations and obligations.
What is a face-saving behavior in impression management?

Action taken to preserve social dignity after a threat or mistake. Protects one's public image after embarrassment or failure.
What is the definition of back stage behavior in dramaturgical theory?

Private behavior when not performing for an audience. Goffman's term for authentic, unguarded moments.
What is the dramaturgical perspective on self-presentation (Goffman)?

Social interaction as performance: actors manage audience impressions. Goffman viewed social life as theater where we're all actors on stage.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by others. Aims to increase likability through praise or conformity.
Identify the strategy: A volunteer conspicuously displays sacrifice to seem ethical.

Exemplification. Public displays of virtue signal ethical character, aiming to inspire admiration and trust.
What is self-monitoring?

Tendency to adjust behavior to fit social situations and cues. Awareness of social expectations guides behavioral changes.
Which trait best characterizes a high self-monitor?

Behavior changes substantially across situations. They adapt their persona to fit different audiences.
What is the "back stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Private setting where people drop the public performance. Where we can be ourselves without an audience.
What is self-promotion as a self-presentation strategy?

Emphasizing competence and achievements to gain respect. Highlights abilities to appear competent and worthy of respect.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to appear virtuous. Shows integrity and sacrifice to appear morally superior.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence to gain respect or status. Highlighting achievements to appear capable.
Which option best describes a high self-monitor: consistent across situations or highly adaptable?

Highly adaptable across situations. Changes behavior based on social context and audience.
Identify the bias: "I aced the test because I am smart; I failed because it was unfair."

Self-serving bias. Credits internal factors for success, external for failure.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing weakness or need to gain help or sympathy. Plays up helplessness to elicit assistance or pity.
What is the key difference between self-presentation and impression management?

Self-presentation is the goal; impression management is the strategy. Self-presentation encompasses the overall aim of projecting a desired self-image, while impression management refers to specific techniques employed to achieve it.
What is the self-serving bias in explanations of one's own outcomes?

Success to internal causes; failure to external causes. We credit ourselves for wins but blame circumstances for losses.
What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at specific tasks. Differs from self-esteem by being task-specific rather than global.
What does Goffman's dramaturgical approach propose about social interaction?

People perform roles to manage impressions in social settings. Social life is like theater with actors playing roles.
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior?

Front: public performance; Back: private self outside audience. Front stage is public persona; back stage is authentic self.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Advertising weakness or neediness to obtain help or leniency. Exploits sympathy by appearing vulnerable or dependent.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing one's competence or achievements to gain respect. Highlights abilities to establish credibility or status.
What is the definition of the spotlight effect?

Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or actions. We think we're on stage when we're barely noticed.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational social cues. Adapting one's presentation to match the social context.
What is Goffman's dramaturgical model of social interaction?

Social life as performance: people act as performers before audiences. Views social interactions as theatrical performances with roles.
What concept describes people as actors performing roles for an audience?

Dramaturgical approach (Goffman). Views social life as theater where people play roles.
Which trait best characterizes high self-monitors?

They adapt behavior to match situational expectations. High self-monitors are social chameleons who prioritize fitting in.
What is intimidation as a self-presentation strategy?

Projecting threat or power to elicit compliance or fear. Uses aggression or threats to control others through fear.
What is the spotlight effect?

Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or mistakes. We think everyone notices our bad hair day more than they do.
What is self-presentation as a component of impression management?

Behavior used to convey a desired image to others. The active process of managing one's public image.
What is the definition of the social self in Mead's theory?

The self formed through social interaction and role taking. Identity emerges from social interactions and roles.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence and achievements to gain respect. This strategy focuses on showcasing abilities and successes to establish credibility and admiration in others' eyes.
Which trait best describes a low self-monitor: guided more by internal traits or audience cues?

Guided more by internal traits and attitudes. Low self-monitors stay true to internal values regardless of context.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational cues and social expectations. Awareness of social cues guides behavioral adjustments.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Displaying weakness or neediness to gain help or sympathy. Exploits helplessness to elicit assistance from others.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by beliefs about others' perceptions. We see ourselves through others' eyes (Cooley).
What is the back stage in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Private setting where people drop the public performance. Where we can relax and be ourselves without audience scrutiny.
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior in dramaturgy?

Front stage: public performance; back stage: private, unperformed self. Front stage is our public persona; back stage reveals our authentic self.
Which option best describes a low self-monitoring person?

Behaves consistently across situations based on internal traits. Low self-monitors stay true to themselves regardless of context.
What is exemplification as a self-presentation strategy?

Demonstrating moral worthiness (dedication, self-sacrifice). Shows integrity and sacrifice to appear morally superior.
Which pattern best describes a high self-monitoring person?

Behavior changes across situations to match social expectations. High self-monitors are social chameleons who adapt to contexts.
What does "face" mean in facework and politeness theory?

A person's desired public self-image in social interaction. One's social identity that needs protection in interactions.
Which statement best describes low self-monitors?

They behave consistently with internal attitudes across contexts. They prioritize authenticity over social conformity.
What is the "looking-glass self" (Cooley)?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves reflected in how we think others see us.
Identify the impression-management tactic: "I did poorly because I was sick."

Self-handicapping. Blaming external factors protects self-esteem after failure.
Identify the strategy: A manager signals harsh consequences to enforce compliance.

Intimidation. Threats establish dominance and ensure obedience by creating fear of negative outcomes.
Identify the impression management tactic: "Do not cross me, or you will regret it."

Intimidation. Threatening consequences to establish dominance.
What is facework?

Behaviors used to maintain, protect, or restore face. Facework includes preventive and corrective actions to sustain one's desired public image during social exchanges.
What is self-handicapping in relation to impression management?

Creating obstacles to provide an excuse for potential failure. Protects self-esteem by creating ready-made excuses.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence or achievements to appear capable. Highlights skills and accomplishments to demonstrate ability.
What is self-promotion as a self-presentation strategy?

Emphasizing competence and achievements to gain respect. Highlights abilities to establish credibility and status.
What is impression management in social psychology?

Strategic control of how others perceive one's traits and behavior. Involves conscious efforts to influence how others view us.
What is impression management in social psychology as tested on the MCAT?

Strategic behaviors used to shape others' impressions. It involves deliberate actions to control the impressions formed by others in social contexts.
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior in dramaturgy?

Front stage: public performance; back stage: private, unperformed self. Front stage is where we perform; back stage is where we're authentic.
Identify the impression strategy: A student lists awards to seem capable.

Self-promotion. Highlighting achievements aims to demonstrate competence.
What is the illusion of transparency?

Overestimating how well others can detect one's internal states. We think our nervousness is obvious when it's often unnoticed.
Which impression management strategy best fits: "Your idea is excellent; I agree"?

Ingratiation. Uses praise and agreement to gain favor.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Acting morally dedicated to appear virtuous or principled. Demonstrates moral superiority through righteous behavior.
What is the social identity theory definition of social identity?

Self-concept derived from group memberships. Tajfel's theory emphasizes how groups shape personal identity.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Signaling power or threat to influence others through fear. Uses aggression to establish dominance and control.
Identify the impression management tactic: "I stayed late every night to finish the project."

Self-promotion. Emphasizes dedication and effort to appear competent.
Identify the impression management tactic: an applicant highlights awards to seem competent.

Self-promotion. Highlighting achievements demonstrates competence.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Projecting power or threat to elicit compliance or fear. Uses dominance or aggression to control others' behavior.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to increase liking. Ingratiation aims to foster positive relationships by making oneself appear agreeable and likable through compliments or conformity.
Which impression management strategy best fits: "Do this, or you will regret it"?

Intimidation. Uses threats to force compliance through fear.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing weakness to obtain help or sympathy. Supplication exploits perceived vulnerabilities to elicit support or leniency from others in social interactions.
What is self-monitoring, and what does high self-monitoring predict?

Adjusting behavior to context; high levels predict flexible, adaptive acting. High self-monitors excel at reading social cues and adapting accordingly.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational and social cues. Involves sensitivity to social context and behavioral flexibility.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness to appear virtuous. Exemplification involves demonstrating integrity and self-sacrifice to project an image of moral superiority.
What is facework?

Communication strategies used to maintain or restore face. Protects social dignity through verbal/nonverbal tactics.
Which option best describes front stage behavior in dramaturgical theory?

Public performance tailored to audience expectations. Goffman's metaphor for managed self-presentation in social settings.
What is the front stage in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Public setting where people manage impressions for an audience. Where we perform our social roles and maintain our public image.
What is dramaturgical theory (Goffman) in the context of self-presentation?

Social interaction as a performance with roles, scripts, and audiences. Views social life as theater where we play parts for different audiences.
Identify the impression management tactic: "I cannot do this alone; I need you."

Supplication. Expressing helplessness to elicit assistance.
What is impression management?

Attempts to influence how one is perceived by others. Active process of shaping others' perceptions through behavior and appearance.
Which impression management strategy best fits: "I am the most qualified applicant"?

Self-promotion. Directly states superiority to highlight competence.
Which statement best describes high self-monitors?

They change behavior across situations to match expectations. They're social chameleons who adapt to fit in.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to increase being liked. Aims to be liked through compliments and conformity.
Identify the concept: changing behavior because one knows one is observed.

Hawthorne effect. Named after factory studies showing behavior changes under observation.
What is ingratiation as a self-presentation strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by others. Makes others like you through compliments and agreement.
Identify the impression strategy: A volunteer publicly highlights sacrifices to look principled.

Exemplification. Emphasizing sacrifice demonstrates moral superiority.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Using threats or dominance cues to appear powerful. Creates fear through aggression to establish dominance.
What is the self-serving bias as it relates to impression management?

Attributing success internally and failure externally to protect self-image. Maintains positive self-view through biased attributions.
What is face in the context of Goffman's theory?

Public self-image a person claims and tries to maintain. Represents the social identity one presents and defends in interactions.
Identify the concept: apologizing after an insult to restore social standing.

Facework. Repairs damaged face through corrective communication.
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior in Goffman's model?

Front: public performance; Back: private, unperformed self. Front stage is where we perform; backstage we drop the act.
What is impression management (as a concept distinct from self-presentation)?

Processes used to influence others' impressions of a person or group. Broader than self-presentation; includes managing impressions of others/groups.
Which option is self-handicapping: studying less before a test or studying more before a test?

Studying less before a test to create an excuse for failure. Creates built-in excuse if performance is poor.
Identify the impression management tactic: "If you cross me, you will regret it."

Intimidation. Uses threats to establish power and control.
Which option best describes back stage behavior in dramaturgical theory?

Private behavior when not performing for an audience. Goffman's term for authentic self when social performance ends.
Identify the strategy: a student lists awards to seem competent to an employer.

Self-promotion. Highlighting achievements to demonstrate qualifications.
What is supplication as a self-presentation strategy?

Advertising weakness to elicit help or reduce expectations. Appears helpless to gain sympathy or avoid demands.
What is the back stage in dramaturgical theory?

Private setting where people drop the public performance. Where actors can relax and be themselves without an audience.
What is a face-threatening act?

An action that challenges someone's public self-image or social value. Threatens dignity by contradicting someone's desired identity.
Which option best fits: a person tailors speech and clothing to match each group they meet?

High self-monitoring. Shows adaptability to different social contexts and expectations.
What is the definition of self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide excuses for potential failure. Sabotaging success to protect self-esteem from failure.
What is the difference between self-handicapping and self-serving bias?

Self-handicapping creates obstacles; self-serving bias reattributes outcomes. One prevents failure attribution; other explains past outcomes favorably.
Identify the impression management tactic: a person acts helpless so others do the work.

Supplication. Feigning helplessness to avoid tasks or gain help.
What is the difference between self-handicapping and excuses?

Self-handicapping precedes failure; excuses follow an outcome. Timing: obstacles created before vs. justifications after.
What is facework?

Behaviors used to maintain one's own face or support others' face. Involves strategies to preserve dignity in social interactions.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational social cues and expectations. Sensitivity to social context guides behavioral adaptation.
What is the definition of self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence to appear skilled or capable. Showcases achievements to establish credibility.
Identify the impression management tactic: "I volunteer every weekend; it is my duty."

Exemplification. Emphasizing moral behavior to appear virtuous.
Which trait best describes a high self-monitor: stable across situations or situation-adaptive?

Situation-adaptive. High self-monitors adapt their self-presentation flexibly based on contextual demands rather than maintaining consistency.
What is the self-serving bias, in terms of impression-relevant attributions?

Success to internal causes; failure to external causes. Protects self-esteem by claiming credit but deflecting blame.
What is intimidation as an impression management strategy?

Using threats or dominance to appear powerful. Creating fear to establish control or authority.
Identify the strategy: a student mentions awards in an interview to seem competent.

Self-promotion. Highlighting achievements demonstrates competence strategically.
Identify the strategy: A person flatters an interviewer to be liked.

Ingratiation. Flattery is used to build rapport and increase interpersonal attraction through positive reinforcement.
Identify the strategy: A student emphasizes hardship to obtain deadline extensions and sympathy.

Supplication. Displaying neediness to gain help matches supplication.
What is ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by a target. Aims to increase likability through praise and conformity.
What is self-monitoring?

Degree to which a person adjusts behavior to fit social cues. High self-monitors adapt readily; low self-monitors stay consistent.
Identify the strategy: A worker publicly stays late to appear dedicated and moral.

Exemplification. Demonstrates virtue through visible sacrifice.
Which option best describes a high self-monitoring person?

They change behavior across situations to match social norms. High monitors are social chameleons who adapt flexibly.
What is the "front stage" in Goffman's dramaturgical model?

Public setting where people perform for an audience. The social space where we maintain our public persona.
Which trait best describes a high self-monitor: more consistent across situations or more adaptable?

More adaptable across situations. High self-monitors change behavior based on social context.
Identify the main difference between self-monitoring and self-consciousness.

Self-monitoring is behavioral adjustment; self-consciousness is self-focus. Monitoring adapts behavior; consciousness is awareness of self.
What is supplication as a self-presentation strategy?

Presenting oneself as needy to obtain help or avoid demands. Displays helplessness to elicit assistance or reduce expectations.
What is the difference between self-presentation and impression management?

Self-presentation targets self-image; impression management targets others' views. Self-presentation is broader; impression management focuses on others.
What is the definition of exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to seem virtuous. Goes above and beyond to appear selfless.
Identify the impression strategy: an employee compliments a supervisor to gain favor.

Ingratiation. Flattery aims to increase likability with authority.
What is the definition of supplication as an impression management strategy?

Presenting weakness to obtain help or avoid responsibility. Strategic helplessness to elicit assistance.
In dramaturgical theory, what is the back stage?

Private setting where individuals drop public performance demands. Where authentic self emerges without audience pressure.
What is the definition of ingratiation as an impression management strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to increase liking. Makes others feel good to gain their approval.
What is intimidation as a self-presentation strategy?

Projecting power or threat to influence others through fear. Uses threats or aggression to control others through fear.
What is dramaturgical theory (Goffman) in self-presentation?

Social interaction as performance with roles, scripts, and settings. Views social life as theatrical performance with actors and audiences.
Identify the impression management tactic: "I am not sure I can do this; I really need your help."

Supplication. Expresses helplessness to elicit assistance from others.
Identify the strategy: an employee compliments a supervisor to gain approval.

Ingratiation. Using flattery to create positive feelings and gain favor.
What is the "front stage" in dramaturgical theory?

Public setting where people perform roles for an audience. The visible social space where impression management occurs.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Coined by Charles Cooley, it describes how individuals develop self-concept through imagined evaluations from others.
What is Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach to social interaction?

People act as performers managing impressions for an audience. Views social life as theater where people play roles for audiences.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide excuses for possible failure. Preemptive excuse-making protects self-image if performance is poor.
Identify the concept: "A student claims illness before an exam to excuse a low score."

Self-handicapping. Creates excuse before performance to protect self-esteem.
Which option best fits: a person acts kind at work but vents privately at home?

Front stage at work; back stage at home. Illustrates Goffman's distinction between public performance and private self.
Which concept best explains changing behavior because you feel observed by others?

Self-awareness (public self-consciousness). Awareness of being watched triggers impression management.
What is the main idea of Goffman's dramaturgical approach?

Social interaction is like performance with roles and scripts. Views social life as theatrical performances on a stage.
Identify the impression strategy: A leader implies punishment to secure obedience.

Intimidation. Threats of consequences force compliance through fear.
What is self-enhancement in self-presentation?

Motivation to maintain or increase positive views of the self. Drive to see oneself positively and present that image to others.
What is impression management in social psychology?

Efforts to control how others perceive one's traits and identity. Strategic behaviors aimed at shaping others' impressions of us.
What is the definition of the self-concept?

A person's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses all cognitive representations of who one is.
Which trait best describes a low self-monitor in social situations?

Consistent; behavior reflects internal attitudes across contexts. They prioritize authenticity over social appropriateness.
What is impression management?

Conscious or unconscious regulation of others' impressions. Can be intentional or automatic attempts to influence perceptions.
What is impression construction?

Selecting behaviors to create a specific impression in a context. Strategic choice of actions to achieve desired image.
Which option best describes a low self-monitor: guided by external cues or internal attitudes?

Internal attitudes and traits. Behavior remains consistent regardless of social context.
What is self-presentation in social psychology as tested on the MCAT?

Attempts to control how others perceive the self. This defines the process where individuals actively manage their image to influence social perceptions and interactions.
What is facework?

Actions taken to maintain one's own face and others' face. Preserves dignity and social standing for all parties involved.
Which trait best describes a high self-monitor in social situations?

Flexible; changes behavior to match audience expectations. They adapt their presentation style to different social contexts.
Identify the impression strategy: a student lists awards to seem capable in an interview.

Self-promotion. Highlighting achievements demonstrates competence.
Which trait best describes high self-monitors?

They readily adapt behavior to match the social context. They're social chameleons who change behavior based on audience.
What is impression management in social psychology?

Strategic control of how others perceive the self. Involves conscious efforts to shape others' perceptions of us.
What is the fundamental attribution error that can distort impressions?

Overattributing others' behavior to traits and underweighting situation. Neglects situational factors when judging others' actions.
What is supplication as an impression management strategy?

Advertising weakness or neediness to gain help or avoid demands. Shows helplessness to elicit assistance and reduce expectations.
What is self-presentation (as used in the MCAT behavior section)?

Behavior used to convey a desired image to others. Encompasses verbal and nonverbal actions to create specific impressions.
Which option best describes a low self-monitoring person?

They act consistently with internal attitudes across situations. Low monitors prioritize authenticity over social approval.
Identify the term for changing behavior to match perceived group norms.

Conformity. Social pressure leads individuals to adopt group behaviors.
What is face in the context of self-presentation?

A person's claimed public image in a social interaction. The social identity one presents and wants others to accept.
What does Goffman's dramaturgical model propose about social interaction?

People act like performers, managing impressions for an audience. Views social life as theater where people play roles for others.
What is the definition of self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational social cues. High self-monitors adapt; low self-monitors stay consistent.
What is the distinction between public self-consciousness and private self-consciousness?

Public: focus on others' views; Private: focus on inner thoughts. Public self-consciousness involves awareness of how one appears to others, while private focuses on internal states and feelings.
Identify the concept: performance improves on easy tasks but worsens on hard tasks with an audience.

Social facilitation. Arousal from audience presence helps simple tasks but hinders complex ones.
Which concept best fits: "People infer traits from how someone dresses and speaks"?

Impression formation (using observable cues to infer characteristics). Process of forming judgments about others from limited information.
What is the definition of the "looking-glass self" (Cooley)?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' judgments. We see ourselves through how we think others see us.
What is facework in impression management?

Behaviors used to maintain one's social "face" and avoid embarrassment. Protects dignity and social standing in interactions.
Which trait best describes low self-monitors?

Consistent behavior guided by internal attitudes and values. They act according to personal beliefs regardless of context.
Which trait best describes a high self-monitoring person?

Behavior is flexible and guided by social context. High self-monitors adapt their behavior to match social situations.
What is the fundamental attribution error, and why does it matter for impressions?

Overattributing others' behavior to traits rather than situations. Observers miss situational factors, judging character from limited behavior.
Identify the impression management tactic: "You are so insightful; I completely agree with you."

Ingratiation. Uses flattery and agreement to increase likability.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to protect self-esteem if performance is poor. Provides excuses before failure to preserve self-image.
Identify the term: changing behavior to match group norms to be accepted.

Ingratiation. Conforming to gain acceptance exemplifies this strategy.
What is the front stage in dramaturgical theory?

Public setting where people perform to maintain desired impressions. Like a theater stage where actors perform for their audience.
What is exemplification as a self-presentation strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness to appear virtuous or dedicated. Demonstrates high moral standards to gain admiration.
Identify the strategy: A student highlights awards in an interview to seem capable.

Self-promotion. Emphasizes achievements to appear competent.
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior?

Front: public role performance; Back: private, relaxed, unperformed self. Goffman distinguishes between public performance and private authenticity.
What is ingratiation as a self-presentation strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by others. Aims to increase likability through compliments and conformity.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to appear virtuous. Demonstrates integrity to gain moral approval.
Identify the impression strategy: An employee praises a supervisor to be liked.

Ingratiation. Flattery is a classic technique to increase likability.
What is the "self-handicapping" strategy in self-presentation?

Creating obstacles to provide an excuse for potential failure. Protects self-esteem by attributing failure to external factors.
What is the self-serving bias in impression-related attributions?

Success attributed internally; failure attributed externally. Protects self-esteem by claiming credit but deflecting blame.
What is ingratiation as a self-presentation strategy?

Using flattery or agreement to be liked by others. Aims to increase likability through compliments or conformity.
In dramaturgical theory, what is the front stage?

Public behavior aligned with social roles and audience expectations. Where we perform for others according to social expectations.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence and achievements to appear capable. Highlights skills to establish credibility and expertise.
What is the "back stage" in dramaturgical theory?

Private setting where people drop roles and prepare performances. Where authentic self emerges away from public performance pressures.
Which term describes a person who behaves consistently across contexts, despite social cues?

Low self-monitoring. Values internal consistency over external social pressures.
What is the dramaturgical perspective on self-presentation?

Social interaction as performance with roles, scripts, and audiences. Goffman's theory views social life as theatrical performance.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worthiness or dedication to appear virtuous. Acting selflessly to appear morally superior.
What is self-monitoring?

Adjusting behavior to fit situational social cues. High self-monitors are sensitive to social norms and modify their actions accordingly to present appropriately.
What is a face-threatening act (FTA)?

An act that challenges another person's face or social standing. Threatens someone's desired social identity or dignity.
What is exemplification as an impression management strategy?

Displaying moral worth (e.g., dedication, self-sacrifice) to gain respect. Shows virtue through actions like volunteering or hard work.
Which trait best describes low self-monitors?

They behave consistently with internal attitudes across situations. They prioritize authenticity over social appropriateness.
What is self-promotion as an impression management strategy?

Emphasizing competence and achievements to appear capable. Highlights abilities to gain respect and recognition.
What is self-presentation in social psychology?

Strategic behavior to control how others perceive the self. Involves deliberate actions to shape others' perceptions of oneself.
What is face in the context of self-presentation and social interaction?

Publicly claimed social value a person seeks to maintain. Face represents the positive social identity individuals claim and strive to uphold in interactions.
What is facework?

Behaviors used to maintain or restore one's own or others' face. Strategies to protect dignity and social standing in interactions.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide external excuses for potential failure. Protects self-esteem by attributing failure to external factors.
What is face (in facework) in the context of impression management?

A person's claimed positive social value in an interaction. Represents the social identity we present and seek to maintain.
Identify the impression management tactic: "Everyone says you are the best at this."

Ingratiation. Complimenting to gain favor and likeability.
What is the definition of front stage behavior in dramaturgical theory?

Public performance aligned with social roles and expectations. Goffman's term for our public performances.
Identify the strategy: A job applicant highlights awards and skills to seem highly competent.

Self-promotion. Emphasizing competence matches self-promotion strategy.

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