Stereotype Threat and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (8B) - Psych & Soc

Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by emphasizing that ability can improve with effort?

Growth mindset framing. Believing abilities are malleable reduces fear of confirming fixed stereotypes.
What situational condition must be present for stereotype threat to occur most strongly?

A relevant negative stereotype and a high-stakes evaluative context. Threat emerges when stereotypes are relevant and performance matters significantly.
Which option is the most direct way to reduce stereotype threat in a study: make stereotypes salient or provide self-affirmation?

Provide self-affirmation. Self-affirmation directly mitigates stereotype threat by reinforcing self-worth, unlike salience which exacerbates it by heightening stereotype awareness.
Which factor most increases stereotype threat: low task difficulty or high task difficulty?

High task difficulty. Challenging tasks amplify performance pressure under threat.
In a self-fulfilling prophecy, what is the typical causal sequence: belief → behavior → outcome or outcome → belief → behavior?

Belief → behavior → outcome. Expectations shape actions which then create confirming results.
Identify the concept: A woman is reminded of gender stereotypes before math testing and scores lower.

Stereotype threat. Gender salience activates math-anxiety stereotypes.
Which term describes anxiety about confirming a stereotype that reduces test performance?

Stereotype threat. Stereotype threat involves heightened anxiety from fear of validating a negative stereotype, which disrupts focus and diminishes performance on assessments.
Identify the term for a student performing poorly because they believe a stereotype about their group.

Stereotype threat. Fear of confirming stereotypes impairs test performance.
What is the Pygmalion effect in educational settings?

Higher teacher expectations lead to improved student performance. Named after the mythical sculptor whose high expectations brought his statue to life.
Identify the 4-step sequence that defines a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Expectation → behavior → target response → expectation confirmed. Shows how initial beliefs create behavioral cycles that confirm themselves.
What is the defining feature that distinguishes stereotype threat from simple low ability?

A situational performance drop driven by stereotype-related evaluative pressure. Performance drops from situational pressure, not inherent ability differences.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Threat is internal anxiety; prophecy is expectation-driven interpersonal feedback. Threat is self-generated; prophecy involves external expectations.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Threat is internal anxiety; prophecy is expectancy-driven interpersonal behavior. Threat is self-imposed anxiety; prophecy involves others' expectations affecting behavior.
Identify the key cognitive mechanism by which stereotype threat can reduce test performance.

Working memory depletion due to stress, monitoring, and intrusive thoughts. Cognitive resources are consumed by anxiety and self-monitoring instead of task focus.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from simple test anxiety?

Threat depends on stereotype salience about a social group. Regular anxiety lacks group-based stereotype component.
Identify the term for chronic concern about being judged by stereotypes, beyond one test.

Stigma consciousness. Persistent awareness of being stereotyped across multiple situations.
Identify the classic term for low expectations producing poorer performance outcomes.

Golem effect. Opposite of Pygmalion effect; negative expectations harm performance.
What is stereotype lift?

Performance improvement when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison to negatively stereotyped groups enhances self-concept.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on evaluative tasks?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Occurs when awareness of negative stereotypes creates anxiety that hinders performance.
Which intervention most directly targets stereotype threat by reducing identity-related anxiety before a test?

Self-affirmation (values affirmation). Affirming personal values buffers against threat anxiety.
What is the Pygmalion effect?

High expectations lead to improved performance via changed treatment. Named after the play where expectations transformed a person positively.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

Belief-induced behavior that makes the original belief come true. Expectations create behaviors that fulfill the original expectation.
Which concept best explains why teacher expectations can change student outcomes over time?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers' beliefs about students create behaviors that fulfill those beliefs.
What is the Pygmalion effect?

Higher expectations lead to improved performance in the target. Positive expectations create supportive behaviors that enhance outcomes.
Which concept best explains a teacher expectation causing a student to actually improve?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Teacher's positive expectations lead to differential treatment that improves outcomes.
Which option best captures why stereotype threat is considered situational rather than trait-based?

It depends on context and stereotype salience, not stable ability differences. Performance varies with situation, not fixed group differences in capability.
Identify the typical immediate effect of stereotype threat on working memory resources.

Working memory is reduced by stress and intrusive thoughts. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for task performance.
What is meant by identity salience in stereotype threat research?

Increased awareness of a social identity during a performance situation. When group membership becomes cognitively activated or prominent.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from a self-fulfilling prophecy in causal direction?

Threat is internal fear; prophecy is others' expectations shaping treatment and outcomes. Threat originates internally; prophecy involves external expectations changing behavior.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and prejudice held by an evaluator?

Threat is internal fear; prejudice is evaluator's negative attitude. Threat comes from within; prejudice comes from others.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and prejudice?

Threat is target's performance anxiety; prejudice is evaluator's biased attitude. Threat affects targets internally; prejudice is external bias from others.
Which experimental manipulation most directly triggers stereotype threat before a test?

Making a negative group stereotype salient during evaluation. Reminding targets of stereotypes activates threat response.
Identify the most direct cue manipulation to reduce stereotype threat: emphasize group differences or emphasize task fairness and equal ability.

Emphasize task fairness and equal ability. Fairness framing reduces stereotype salience and associated threat.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by describing intelligence as developable rather than fixed?

Growth mindset framing. Emphasizing ability improvement reduces fixed-trait anxiety.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat by changing task framing?

Describe the test as non-diagnostic of innate ability. Removes evaluative pressure by disconnecting task from stereotyped abilities.
Identify the likely outcome if an interviewer expects a candidate to be unfriendly and behaves coldly first.

Self-fulfilling prophecy: the candidate may respond coldly, confirming the expectation. Behavioral confirmation occurs when expectations shape interactions.
What is stereotype threat in social psychology?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Occurs when awareness of negative stereotypes creates anxiety that disrupts performance.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behaviors that make the belief come true. The belief creates expectations that influence behavior, making the belief reality.
Identify whether this scenario is stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy: A label of "math test" lowers a woman's score.

Stereotype threat. Test label activates gender-math stereotypes causing internal performance anxiety.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat by affirming self-worth?

Self-affirmation of important personal values. Bolsters self-concept to buffer against stereotype-based threats.
Which classic study demonstrated teacher expectations affecting student performance (Pygmalion effect)?

Rosenthal and Jacobson study. Showed randomly labeled "bloomers" improved due to teacher expectations.
Identify the concept: A teacher labels a child as "gifted," provides more attention, and scores rise.

Pygmalion (Rosenthal) effect. Positive expectations create supportive environments.
What is the Golem effect?

Lower expectations lead to poorer performance (negative self-fulfilling prophecy). Opposite of Pygmalion; low expectations harm performance.
What type of task is most likely to show stereotype threat effects?

Difficult, evaluative tasks where the stereotype is relevant. Complex tasks requiring high cognitive load maximize vulnerability to threat effects.
What is the Golem effect in educational or workplace settings?

Lower expectations lead to poorer performance. Named after the Jewish folklore creature, represents negative expectancy effects.
Which testing condition most likely increases stereotype threat for a stigmatized group?

Describing the test as diagnostic of innate ability. Framing as ability measure activates stereotype concerns.
Identify the intervention that reduces stereotype threat by reframing arousal as normal for tests.

Stress reappraisal (arousal normalization). Reframing test anxiety as normal reduces threat-related impairment.
Which construct primarily involves the target's fear of confirming a stereotype: stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Stereotype threat. Threat involves target's internal anxiety, not external expectations.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behaviors that cause the belief to come true. Others' expectations shape behavior, creating a cycle that confirms the original belief.
Identify the concept: group-level stereotypes become self-relevant and shape behavior.

Self-stereotyping. Individuals apply group stereotypes to themselves, affecting behavior.
Which term describes chronic concern about being judged by stereotypes in daily life?

Stigma consciousness. Persistent awareness and worry about stereotype-based judgment.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behaviors that make the belief come true. Expectations shape reality through behavioral changes.
Which concept involves confirming a stereotype about one's own group through performance pressure?

Stereotype threat. Stereotype threat occurs when individuals experience pressure from awareness of ingroup stereotypes, potentially leading to behaviors that inadvertently confirm them.
What is the Golem effect in educational or workplace settings?

Lower expectations lead to worse performance via changed treatment. Negative expectations create limiting behaviors reducing outcomes.
Which concept requires an observer's expectation shaping another person's behavior: stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Requires interpersonal dynamic where expectations influence target's behavior.
What is a common experimental manipulation used to induce stereotype threat?

Making group identity salient or framing the test as diagnostic. These methods activate stereotype-relevant concerns experimentally.
Identify the term: describing a test as measuring "ability" causes lower scores in a stereotyped group.

Stereotype threat (diagnostic framing effect). Diagnostic framing activates concerns about confirming stereotypes.
Which cognitive resource is commonly reduced under stereotype threat: working memory or long-term memory storage?

Working memory. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for complex tasks.
Which condition most directly activates stereotype threat: making group identity salient or not mentioning it?

Making group identity salient. Reminding people of their group membership activates associated stereotypes.
Identify whether this is stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy: "The teacher expects less, so gives less help."

Self-fulfilling prophecy. External expectations shape behavior, creating prophecy fulfillment.
Identify the scenario: a supervisor's low expectations lead to less training and poor output.

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Golem effect pathway). Low expectations create reduced opportunities and support.
What is stereotype lift (sometimes called stereotype boost) for members of non-stereotyped groups?

Improved performance when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison with stereotyped outgroups boosts confidence and performance.
What is meant by stereotype lift?

Improved performance when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison to stereotyped outgroup boosts ingroup performance.
What is values affirmation as a strategy relevant to reducing stereotype threat effects?

Brief writing that affirms personal values to buffer threat and stress. Strengthens self-integrity to protect against identity threats.
Which emotional state is most commonly increased during stereotype threat in testing situations?

Anxiety. Fear of confirming stereotypes triggers physiological stress response.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by having students reflect on core personal values?

Self-affirmation. Strengthens self-concept to buffer against stereotype threats.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Threat is internal fear; prophecy is others' expectations shaping outcomes. Distinguishes internal anxiety from external expectation effects.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on evaluative tasks?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Stereotype threat arises when awareness of negative group stereotypes creates anxiety, impairing cognitive resources and performance in relevant domains.
What is the Rosenthal effect in relation to self-fulfilling prophecies?

Teacher expectations shape student performance (Pygmalion effect). High expectations lead to better outcomes through differential treatment.
Identify the concept: a person avoids a domain over time to protect self-esteem after repeated threat.

Disidentification from the domain. Chronic threat leads to psychological withdrawal from field.
Identify the term for the target of a self-fulfilling prophecy internalizing the expectation and acting accordingly.

Internalization of expectations. Target adopts others' expectations as self-concept, fulfilling the prophecy.
What is the Pygmalion effect (Rosenthal effect) in educational settings?

Higher expectations lead to improved performance via changed treatment. Positive expectations create supportive behaviors enhancing results.
Which experimental manipulation most directly increases stereotype threat before a test?

Making group identity salient (for example, asking for race or sex). Demographic questions activate stereotypic associations.
Which concept best fits: a teacher expects low ability, treats a student differently, and the student later performs poorly?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Teacher's expectations shape behavior toward student, creating the predicted outcome.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behaviors that cause the belief to come true. Initial expectations shape behaviors that make expectations reality.
Which option best reduces stereotype threat: emphasizing fixed ability or emphasizing malleable ability?

Emphasizing malleable ability (growth mindset framing). Growth mindset reduces fixed-ability stereotype pressure.
What is the typical emotional response associated with stereotype threat during evaluation?

Increased anxiety and stress arousal. Stereotype threat triggers physiological and emotional stress responses that interfere with optimal performance in evaluative situations.
Identify the most direct way to reduce stereotype threat during testing.

Reduce stereotype salience (for example, describe test as non-diagnostic). Framing tests as non-evaluative removes threat activation.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that evokes behaviors that make the belief come true. Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when expectations influence interactions, eliciting behaviors that confirm the initial belief.
Which concept explains why making a stigmatized identity salient can lower performance on a related task?

Stereotype threat. Reminding people of stereotypes triggers performance anxiety.
Which concept is primarily intrapersonal during testing: stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Stereotype threat. Individual's internal anxiety response without requiring interpersonal interaction.
Identify the scenario: Students labeled "high potential" receive more feedback and later score higher. What effect is shown?

Pygmalion effect (self-fulfilling prophecy via expectations). The Pygmalion effect shows how labeling influences teacher behavior, providing enhanced support that improves labeled students' performance.
Which condition must be present for stereotype threat to occur: stereotype is relevant to the task or irrelevant?

Stereotype is relevant to the task and identity is salient. Threat occurs when stereotypes apply to the performance domain.
What is the primary outcome measured in stereotype threat experiments?

Reduced performance on a relevant task (for example, a test score). Studies measure actual performance decrements when stereotypes are activated.
Which intervention is designed to reduce stereotype threat by framing ability as improvable?

Growth mindset intervention. Emphasizes effort over fixed traits to reduce threat.
Identify the scenario: A woman underperforms on math after being told men usually do better. What is it?

Stereotype threat. This scenario illustrates stereotype threat, where explicit mention of gender stereotypes induces anxiety that hampers the woman's math performance.
Which term refers to an observer's expectations changing a target's behavior to match them?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Observer's beliefs influence target's actions through differential treatment.
What is stereotype boost?

Performance improvement when a positive ingroup stereotype is salient. Positive stereotypes about one's group enhance performance confidence.
Which term refers to lowering expectations and performance because low ability is assumed (negative prophecy)?

Golem effect. Negative expectations reduce performance through diminished support.
Which term refers to the tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior as confirming stereotypes?

Confirmation bias. Selective attention to information supporting existing beliefs.
Which construct describes biased expectations that alter a target's behavior: stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Prophecies involve external expectations changing behavior, not internal fear.
What is the difference between stereotype threat and prejudice?

Threat is internal performance pressure; prejudice is an attitude toward a group. Stereotype threat stems from self-imposed pressure to avoid confirming stereotypes, whereas prejudice involves biased attitudes held by others toward groups.
What is stereotype reactance?

Improved performance due to motivation to disconfirm a stereotype. Defiance of stereotypes motivates enhanced effort and performance.
Identify the phenomenon: a teacher's low expectations lead to fewer opportunities and a student's worse performance.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Teacher expectations create differential treatment affecting outcomes.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by strengthening self-integrity before a task?

Self-affirmation (values affirmation) exercise. Affirming core values buffers against identity threats.
Which concept describes performance changes caused by awareness of a group stereotype: stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotypes directly impacts performance without interpersonal dynamics.
What is the classic research finding from the Pygmalion effect (Rosenthal and Jacobson)?

Teacher expectations can raise or lower student performance. The Pygmalion effect demonstrates how positive or negative teacher expectations can influence student achievement through differential treatment and opportunities.
What is the Golem effect?

Lower expectations lead to worse performance (self-fulfilling prophecy). Named after the Jewish folklore creature; opposite of Pygmalion effect.
Which option is the clearest example of a self-fulfilling prophecy in a classroom?

Teacher expects low ability, gives less support, student performance declines. Low expectations lead to reduced support, creating actual performance deficits.
Which concept best explains lowered test scores after making a negative stereotype salient?

Stereotype threat. Making stereotypes salient triggers anxiety that impairs cognitive performance.
Which option best describes the mechanism of a self-fulfilling prophecy in classrooms?

Teacher expectations shape treatment, which shapes student performance. Differential treatment based on expectations creates performance differences.
What is the key difference between stereotype threat and prejudice?

Threat is situational performance anxiety; prejudice is an attitudinal bias. One affects performance temporarily; other is persistent belief.
What is the classic sequence of steps in a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Expectation → altered behavior → target response → expectation confirmed. Shows how initial beliefs become reality through behavioral changes.
What is stereotype reactance?

Improved performance from motivation to disconfirm a stereotype. Defiance of stereotypes can paradoxically enhance performance.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat by changing group meaning?

Emphasizing a growth mindset about ability. Reframes ability as malleable rather than fixed group trait.
Which option best indicates stereotype threat is activated: a task described as "diagnostic of ability" or "a non-diagnostic exercise"?

A task described as diagnostic of ability. Diagnostic framing activates concern about confirming stereotypes.
What is stereotype lift?

Improved performance when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison with stereotyped outgroups boosts self-confidence.
What is the most direct situational change that can reduce stereotype threat during testing?

Remove stereotype cues or frame the test as non-diagnostic of ability. Eliminating reminders of stereotypes prevents activation of threat responses.
Which option best describes the final step in a self-fulfilling prophecy sequence?

Outcome confirms the original expectation. The target's behavior changes to match the initial expectation, completing the cycle.
Identify the classic name for expectancy effects in classrooms that can produce self-fulfilling prophecies.

Pygmalion effect. Named after the mythical sculptor whose expectations transformed his creation.
Identify the best match: "I am bad at math" leading to less studying and then poor scores is what process?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Negative self-belief creates behaviors that confirm the original belief.
Which cognitive mechanism most directly links stereotype threat to worse test performance?

Reduced working memory capacity due to anxiety and monitoring. Cognitive load from threat monitoring impairs executive function.
What is the key psychological mechanism commonly proposed for stereotype threat effects?

Increased anxiety and reduced working memory during performance. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for complex task performance.
Which environmental change reduces stereotype threat by increasing representation of the stereotyped group?

Increase ingroup role models and representation. Exposure to successful ingroup exemplars challenges negative stereotypes, fostering a sense of belonging and reducing threat in stereotyped domains.
Which named effect is a positive self-fulfilling prophecy: Pygmalion or Golem?

Pygmalion effect. Positive expectations create positive outcomes through changed behavior.
Identify the concept: A supervisor expects low competence, gives less training, and performance declines.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Low expectations create conditions that confirm them.
Which sequence best matches a self-fulfilling prophecy: belief → behavior → outcome or outcome → belief → behavior?

Belief → behavior → outcome. Expectations shape behaviors that produce confirming outcomes.
Which option is the clearest example of stereotype threat in a testing situation?

A stigmatized-group student underperforms after the stereotype is made salient. Making group membership salient triggers anxiety that impairs test performance.
Identify the condition that must be present for stereotype threat to occur.

Awareness of a negative stereotype about ones group in that domain. The stereotype must be known and applicable to the performance situation.
What is stereotype reactance?

Performance improvement from motivation to disconfirm a stereotype. Defiance of stereotypes motivates enhanced effort and performance.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by affirming personal values before a performance task?

Self-affirmation. Reflecting on core values buffers against identity threats.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by reframing arousal as normal and non-diagnostic?

Reattribution of anxiety (arousal reappraisal). Reattribution helps by interpreting anxiety as a common response unrelated to ability, reducing its debilitating impact on performance.
Identify the mediator: Under stereotype threat, test-takers show intrusive thoughts and reduced capacity.

Working memory depletion. Intrusive thoughts consume cognitive resources needed for tests.
What is the term for a positive stereotype that creates pressure and can still impair performance?

Stereotype lift reversal (pressure from positive stereotypes). Even positive stereotypes can create performance pressure and anxiety.
Which testing practice reduces stereotype threat by avoiding cues that highlight group membership?

Remove demographic questions until after the test. Postponing demographic inquiries prevents priming group identity, thereby minimizing activation of associated stereotypes during testing.
Which term names the teacher-expectation effect where students perform in line with expectations?

Pygmalion effect. Positive expectations enhance performance through supportive behaviors.
What is the Pygmalion effect?

Higher expectations lead to improved performance (self-fulfilling prophecy). Named after the mythical sculptor whose high expectations brought statue to life.
Which concept best explains why a negative stereotype can reduce working memory during a task?

Stereotype threat increases cognitive load and reduces working memory capacity. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for task performance.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from discrimination?

Stereotype threat is situational anxiety; discrimination is differential treatment. Threat is performance anxiety; discrimination involves unfair actions toward groups.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat: self-affirmation or increasing evaluative pressure?

Self-affirmation. Affirming personal values buffers against identity threats.
What is the key cognitive mechanism by which stereotype threat often lowers performance?

Working memory depletion from stress and intrusive thoughts. Stereotype threat depletes working memory as individuals ruminate on stereotypes, reducing cognitive capacity for the task at hand.
Which message reduces stereotype threat by emphasizing that ability can improve with effort?

Growth mindset framing. Growth mindset messaging counters fixed ability stereotypes by promoting the idea that skills develop through practice, alleviating performance pressure.
Which option best indicates stereotype threat rather than prejudice from an evaluator?

Performance declines when stereotype is made salient, even without biased feedback. Internal anxiety from stereotypes, not external biased treatment, causes decline.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by explicitly stating that a test shows no group differences?

Reframing the task as stereotype-irrelevant. Removes stereotype relevance by denying group performance gaps.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat during testing?

Reframing the test as non-diagnostic of ability. Removes evaluative pressure that triggers stereotype-related anxiety.
Which outcome is most consistent with stereotype threat: underperformance or overperformance on a relevant task?

Underperformance on the stereotype-relevant task. Anxiety and cognitive load typically impair performance.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by affirming core values before an evaluative task?

Self-affirmation. Bolsters self-integrity to buffer against identity threats.
Which intervention reduces stereotype threat by attributing stress to normal arousal that can help performance?

Reappraisal of arousal (stress-as-enhancing) instruction. Reframes physiological arousal as performance-enhancing.
Which construct is most tied to the perceiver's expectations shaping outcomes: confirmation bias or self-fulfilling prophecy?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Prophecies create reality; bias just confirms existing beliefs.
What is stereotype threat in the context of test performance?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Anxiety about confirming stereotypes disrupts cognitive performance.
Identify the most direct mechanism by which stereotype threat reduces performance.

Increased anxiety and reduced working memory capacity. Cognitive load from worry depletes processing resources.
Which term describes a target's anxiety about a stereotype impairing their own performance?

Stereotype threat. Internal worry about confirming stereotypes impairs performance.
Which concept involves an observer's expectation changing their behavior toward a target person?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Self-fulfilling prophecy happens when perceivers' expectations alter their behavior, prompting targets to respond in ways that fulfill those expectations.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on evaluative tasks?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Anxiety about confirming stereotypes disrupts cognitive resources.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on evaluative tasks?

Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype that impairs performance. Fear of confirming stereotypes causes cognitive load that disrupts performance.
Which scenario best indicates stereotype threat: evaluator bias or identity-salient testing anxiety?

Identity-salient testing anxiety. Anxiety about one's identity distinguishes threat from bias.
Identify whether this scenario is stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy: A coach expects failure and gives less practice time.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Coach's expectations change behavior (less practice) that causes poor performance.
Identify the term for chronic concern about being judged through the lens of a stereotype.

Stigma consciousness. Ongoing awareness of potential stereotyping in social interactions.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from prejudice?

Stereotype threat is internal performance pressure; prejudice is an attitude toward others. Threat affects one's own performance; prejudice is a biased attitude about other groups.
What is the typical emotional/physiological response pattern linked to stereotype threat during evaluation?

Increased anxiety and physiological arousal during the task. Threat activates stress response, impairing cognitive performance through arousal.
Identify the scenario: A supervisor assumes an intern is incompetent and gives no challenging tasks, and the intern stagnates.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. This exemplifies self-fulfilling prophecy, as the supervisor's assumption leads to actions that prevent the intern from developing skills.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from discrimination: internal pressure or unequal treatment?

Stereotype threat = internal pressure; discrimination = unequal treatment. Threat is psychological; discrimination is behavioral.
What is the key psychological trigger that initiates stereotype threat during testing?

Salience of a negative stereotype about one's group. Awareness of negative stereotypes creates evaluative pressure and performance anxiety.
What is stereotype reactance?

Improved performance due to motivation to disconfirm a stereotype. Some individuals respond to stereotypes with increased effort to disprove them.
Identify the term: anxiety about confirming a stereotype leads to overmonitoring and reduced accuracy.

Stereotype threat. Cognitive monitoring depletes resources needed for performance.
Identify the concept: a standardized test is described as "diagnostic of intelligence" right before testing.

Stereotype threat induction (diagnostic framing increases threat). Framing test as ability measure activates stereotype concerns.
Identify the scenario: a student underperforms after being reminded of group identity.

Stereotype threat. Group identity salience triggers performance-disrupting anxiety.
What is meant by stereotype lift (or stereotype boost)?

Improved performance when a negative out-group stereotype is salient. Comparison with stereotyped out-groups can paradoxically enhance in-group performance.
Which concept is most directly reduced by blinding in experiments: stereotype threat or expectancy effects?

Expectancy effects (self-fulfilling prophecy–type effects). Blinding prevents experimenter expectations from influencing results.
Identify whether this is stereotype threat or self-fulfilling prophecy: "I will confirm the stereotype, so I choke."

Stereotype threat. Internal anxiety about confirming stereotypes indicates threat.
Which term describes a person internalizing a stereotype and applying it to themself?

Self-stereotyping. Person adopts negative stereotypes about their own group.
What is the Golem effect?

Lower expectations lead to worse performance in the target. Negative expectations create limiting behaviors that worsen outcomes.
What is stereotype reactance as a response to stereotype threat?

Improved performance driven by motivation to disconfirm the stereotype. Some individuals respond to threat with increased effort to disprove stereotypes.
What is stereotype reactance in response to a negative stereotype?

Motivation to disconfirm the stereotype, sometimes improving performance. Stereotype reactance motivates individuals to counteract negative stereotypes, channeling effort into disproving them and potentially enhancing outcomes.
Which type of stereotype is most likely to trigger stereotype threat: negative or positive?

Negative stereotype. Positive stereotypes don't trigger threat; fear of confirming negative ones does.
Which option best describes the typical causal chain in a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Expectation behavior toward target target behavior expectation confirmed. Expectations influence treatment, which shapes behavior, confirming initial beliefs.
What is stereotype reactance as a response to a stereotype?

Motivated effort to disconfirm a stereotype, sometimes improving performance. Defiance of stereotypes can motivate enhanced effort.
Identify the concept: a person internalizes others expectations and performs accordingly.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. The person's behavior changes to match what others expect of them.
What is stereotype threat in the context of test performance and social identity?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Anxiety about confirming stereotypes disrupts cognitive resources.
What is the Golem effect?

Low expectations lead to worse performance via changed treatment. Named after Jewish folklore creature; opposite of Pygmalion effect.
What is the most common experimental manipulation used to induce stereotype threat?

Framing a task as diagnostic of ability for a stereotyped domain. Emphasizing evaluation in stereotyped domains activates threat responses.
What is the Golem effect?

Worsened performance caused by others' low expectations. Negative expectations lead to limiting behaviors that reduce performance.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behavior that makes the belief come true. Initial expectations lead to behaviors that cause those expectations to become reality.
What is stereotype lift?

Performance boost when a negative stereotype targets an outgroup. Occurs when negative stereotypes about others boost one's own performance.
Identify the concept: a manager expects low performance, gives fewer opportunities, and performance declines.

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Golem effect pattern). Low expectations create limited opportunities confirming beliefs.
What is stereotype lift (or stereotype boost) in performance situations?

Improved performance when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison with negatively stereotyped outgroups enhances self-confidence.
What is stereotype threat in the context of test performance?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Occurs when awareness of negative stereotypes creates anxiety that hinders performance.
What is the Pygmalion effect?

Higher expectations lead to improved performance (positive self-fulfilling prophecy). Named after Shaw's play; teacher expectations shape student outcomes.
What is the Golem effect in expectancy research?

Low expectations produce poorer performance. Negative expectations become self-fulfilling through reduced support.
Identify the key difference: stereotype threat versus self-fulfilling prophecy.

Threat is internal anxiety; prophecy is others' expectations shaping outcomes. Threat is self-generated; prophecy involves external expectations.
Which component is essential to a self-fulfilling prophecy: an initial false belief, or only an initial true belief?

An initial false belief (that becomes true through behavior). Prophecy requires initial inaccuracy that becomes true through behavioral changes.
Which bias best explains why ambiguous behavior is interpreted to fit expectations, helping a prophecy persist?

Confirmation bias. Selective attention to confirming evidence maintains false beliefs.
What is meant by "domain identification" in stereotype threat research?

The extent to which a person values and identifies with a performance domain. Higher domain value increases vulnerability to threat effects.
Identify the term for subtle cues that signal a group is devalued in a setting.

Identity threat cues. Environmental signals that one's group is undervalued or unwelcome.
What is the Pygmalion effect?

Improved performance caused by others' high expectations. Positive expectations lead to supportive behaviors that enhance performance.
What intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat by changing task framing?

Presenting the test as non-diagnostic of innate ability. Removes evaluative pressure that activates stereotype concerns.
What is the most common immediate behavioral outcome of stereotype threat on challenging tasks?

Reduced performance relative to ability. Anxiety interferes with optimal cognitive functioning.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Threat: target's fear; prophecy: others' expectations shape target outcomes. Threat originates internally; prophecy involves external expectations.
Which condition must be present for stereotype threat to occur during a task?

The negative stereotype is relevant and the task is evaluative/diagnostic. Threat occurs when stereotypes could be confirmed by poor performance.
Which term describes a teacher expectation that causes students to perform in line with that expectation?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Self-fulfilling prophecy manifests when teachers' biases shape their treatment of students, leading to outcomes that align with those expectations.
What is the most common immediate cognitive mechanism proposed for stereotype threat effects?

Reduced working memory due to stress and intrusive thoughts. Anxiety consumes cognitive capacity needed for task performance.
What is the relationship between prejudice and stereotype threat?

Prejudice creates stereotypes; stereotype salience can trigger threat effects. Stereotypes from prejudice become activated in evaluative contexts.
Identify the best distinction: stereotype threat affects whom most, high- or low-identifiers with the domain?

High-identifiers with the domain are most affected. Those who care most about the domain feel most threatened by stereotypes.
What is the core mechanism by which stereotype threat reduces performance?

Increased anxiety and cognitive load reduce working memory capacity. Worry consumes cognitive resources needed for task performance.
What is the Golem effect in expectancy research?

Lowered expectations leading to decreased performance. Opposite of Pygmalion effect; negative expectations harm performance.
Which option best distinguishes stereotype threat from internalized stigma?

Threat is situational fear; internalized stigma is endorsement of the stereotype. Threat is fear of confirming stereotypes; internalized stigma means believing them.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

A belief that elicits behaviors that cause the belief to become true. Expectations shape reality through behavioral changes.
Identify the concept: a patient expects side effects and then reports them after taking an inert pill.

Nocebo effect. Negative expectations produce negative outcomes in medical contexts.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on evaluative tasks?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Anxiety about confirming stereotypes impairs cognitive resources.
Which intervention most directly reduces stereotype threat by reframing arousal as nonthreatening?

Stress reappraisal (misattribution of arousal). Attributing anxiety to external factors reduces its impact on performance.
Identify the phenomenon: teachers expect low achievement, give less support, and students then perform worse.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Low expectations lead to reduced support and worse outcomes.
What is stereotype lift (sometimes called stereotype boost)?

Improved performance when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison with stereotyped outgroup boosts own performance.
What is the difference between stereotype threat and discrimination?

Threat is internal pressure; discrimination is differential treatment by others. Stereotype threat involves internalized anxiety affecting one's own performance, while discrimination entails external actions treating groups unequally.
Identify the condition that must be present for stereotype threat to occur: group stereotype, evaluation, or both?

Both: a relevant stereotype and an evaluative performance context. Stereotype threat requires both a salient negative stereotype about one's group and a context where performance could confirm it.
Which process best describes a self-fulfilling prophecy sequence in a teacher-student context?

Expectation → differential treatment → student response → expectation confirmed. Teacher behaviors change based on expectations, affecting outcomes.
Which named effect is a negative self-fulfilling prophecy: Pygmalion or Golem?

Golem effect. Negative expectations create negative outcomes through changed behavior.
Identify the key cognitive mechanism that stereotype threat often increases during testing.

Anxiety-related working memory load. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for task performance.
What is the typical direction of performance change under stereotype threat on difficult tasks?

Performance decreases. Cognitive load from threat monitoring impairs complex task performance.
Identify the dependent variable most often used to measure stereotype threat effects in studies.

Task performance (for example, test score or accuracy). Performance measures reveal the behavioral impact of threat.
What is the typical immediate cognitive mechanism proposed for stereotype threat effects?

Increased anxiety and reduced working-memory resources. Anxiety consumes cognitive resources needed for complex task performance.
What is the difference between stereotype threat and internalized stereotype?

Threat is situational; internalization is stable endorsement of the stereotype. Threat is context-dependent; internalization persists across situations.
Which testing condition most likely reduces stereotype threat while keeping the task identical?

Describing the test as nondiagnostic of ability. Removing ability implications eliminates stereotype activation.
Which option best describes the first step in a self-fulfilling prophecy sequence?

An expectation or belief about another person. The prophecy begins with someone forming expectations about another's behavior.
What is the term for confirming a negative stereotype about one's group through one's behavior?

Stereotype confirmation. When behavior inadvertently validates negative group stereotypes.
Identify the immediate performance consequence most associated with stereotype threat during a timed exam.

Reduced performance due to anxiety and reduced working memory. Stereotype threat impairs exam performance by elevating anxiety, which consumes cognitive resources and limits effective problem-solving.
What is stereotype threat in the context of test performance and social identity?

Performance impairment caused by fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about confirming stereotypes disrupts cognitive resources.
Which concept describes confirming a stereotype about one's own group by behaving consistently with it?

Stereotype internalization. Accepting and acting according to stereotypes about one's own group.
Which condition is most likely to trigger stereotype threat: identity made salient or not mentioned?

Identity made salient. Reminding of group membership activates stereotype concerns.
What is stereotype lift?

Performance increase when a negative outgroup stereotype is made salient. Outgroup comparisons boost performance by contrast effect.
Which option best describes stereotype lift?

Performance boost when a negative outgroup stereotype is salient. Comparison with stereotyped outgroups enhances self-confidence.
What is the term for improved performance when a positive stereotype is made salient?

Stereotype lift. Stereotype lift enhances performance when individuals are reminded of positive stereotypes about their group, boosting confidence and motivation.
Which brief writing intervention reduces stereotype threat by affirming core personal values?

Self-affirmation. Self-affirmation bolsters overall self-integrity, buffering against the identity threat posed by negative stereotypes in performance contexts.
What is the typical direction of performance change under stereotype threat for the stereotyped group?

Performance decreases. Cognitive interference typically impairs test scores.
Identify the classic term for teacher expectations improving student performance.

Pygmalion effect. Named after the mythical sculptor whose statue came to life through belief.
Which concept best describes teacher expectations causing student performance changes?

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect). Teacher beliefs create differential treatment that fulfills expectations.
Identify the term for a false belief that evokes behavior making the belief true.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. False beliefs become true through the behaviors they generate.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance on an evaluative task?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative group stereotype. Occurs when awareness of negative stereotypes creates anxiety that disrupts performance.
Which option best reduces stereotype threat: presenting diverse role models or emphasizing group differences?

Presenting diverse role models. Role models counter stereotypes showing group success possible.
Which option best indicates stereotype threat: a group label is added to a test and the labeled group scores drop?

Stereotype threat. Making group membership salient activates stereotypes and impairs performance.
Which condition is required for stereotype threat to occur: stereotype relevance or stereotype endorsement?

Stereotype relevance. Must believe stereotype applies to the situation, not necessarily endorse it.
Which strategy most directly counters stereotype threat by changing task framing: saying "this test is fair" or "this test measures ability"?

Saying "this test is fair" (non-diagnostic or values-neutral framing). Neutral framing removes stereotype-diagnostic concerns.
Which scenario best fits stereotype threat: evaluator bias or identity-salient testing situation?

Identity-salient testing situation. Threat occurs when stereotyped identity is made prominent.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology?

Belief-driven behavior that causes the belief to become true. Initial expectations shape behaviors that make those expectations come true.
Identify the intervention most directly shown to reduce stereotype threat effects on exams.

Values affirmation (self-affirmation) before the evaluative task. Affirming personal values buffers against identity threats during evaluation.
Identify the term for chronic concern about being judged by a negative group stereotype.

Stigma consciousness. Ongoing awareness and worry about confirming negative group stereotypes.
What is values affirmation as a strategy to reduce stereotype threat?

Brief writing that affirms core personal values to protect self-integrity. Reinforcing self-worth buffers against stereotype-based anxiety.

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