Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy (8A) - Psych & Soc

What is self-esteem?

Overall evaluation of one's self-worth or value. Global judgment that can be high or low across different domains.
What is the looking-glass self (Cooley)?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves reflected through how we think others see us.
What is the "me" component of the self in Mead's theory?

The socialized self shaped by others' expectations. The self as object, shaped by social interactions.
Which type of social comparison is comparing to someone better off?

Upward social comparison. Often motivates self-improvement but can lower self-esteem.
What is the spotlight effect?

Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or mistakes. This bias stems from egocentrism, where individuals overestimate the attention others pay to their own behaviors.
Which term describes the beliefs about what you can do, not how valuable you feel?

Self-efficacy. Focuses on capability, not worth or value.
Identify the concept: "I am valuable" as an overall judgment about oneself.

Self-esteem. Global self-worth evaluation, not task-specific.
Which locus of control is shown by "My effort determines my grades"?

Internal locus of control. Attributes outcomes to personal actions, not luck.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Efficacy = task ability belief; esteem = global self-worth. Efficacy is situation-specific; esteem is general.
What is self-discrepancy theory (Higgins) primarily about?

Mismatch among actual, ideal, and ought selves. Gaps between who we are, want to be, and think we should be.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Efficacy: ability belief; esteem: self-worth evaluation. One is task-specific confidence, other is global worth.
Which mismatch is most linked to agitation emotions (guilt/anxiety): actual–ideal or actual–ought?

Actual–ought discrepancy. Failing to meet obligations causes guilt/anxiety.
Which comparison involves evaluating yourself against someone worse to feel better about yourself?

Downward social comparison. Comparing to inferior others boosts self-esteem.
Which locus of control is reflected by "my effort determines my grades"?

Internal locus of control. Belief that personal actions determine outcomes.
Which source of self-efficacy is demonstrated by seeing a similar person succeed?

Vicarious experiences (modeling). Observing comparable others achieve goals enhances one's belief in personal potential via social learning.
What does self-discrepancy theory predict when real and ideal selves conflict?

Greater discrepancy is associated with negative affect. Larger gaps between selves cause distress and anxiety.
What is possible selves theory?

Representations of what one might become, hopes to be, or fears becoming. Future-oriented self-concepts that motivate current behavior.
What is an upward social comparison?

Comparing oneself to someone perceived as better off. Can motivate improvement but may decrease self-esteem.
What is the "I" component of the self in Mead's theory?

The spontaneous, impulsive, subjective self. The acting, experiencing self before social filtering.
Which term is most directly measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale?

Self-esteem. This scale measures global self-worth feelings.
What is locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally vs externally. Shapes motivation and response to success/failure.
Which self-discrepancy is most associated with agitation-related affect?

Actual–ought discrepancy. This incongruence generates anxiety or guilt from perceived failure to meet obligations.
What is social comparison theory (Festinger)?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. Helps determine self-worth and abilities relative to reference groups.
What is locus of control?

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Rotter's theory describes the degree to which individuals perceive control over life events as personal or environmental.
Which type of social comparison typically lowers self-evaluation by comparing to better others?

Upward social comparison. Comparing to superior others can threaten self-esteem.
Which parenting style is most associated with high self-esteem: authoritative, authoritarian, or permissive?

Authoritative parenting. High warmth + high control fosters healthy self-view.
Identify the locus of control: "I failed because the test was unfair."

External locus of control. Blames external factors rather than personal responsibility.
Identify the term: motivation to maintain a stable, consistent view of oneself.

Self-verification. People seek feedback confirming their existing self-views.
Identify the concept: "I cannot do this task," despite having the required skills and resources.

Low self-efficacy. Doubting capability despite objective competence indicates efficacy beliefs.
Which mismatch is most linked to dejection emotions (sadness): actual–ideal or actual–ought?

Actual–ideal discrepancy. Failing to meet aspirations causes sadness/disappointment.
Identify whether this reflects internal or external locus: "The test was unfair, so I failed."

External locus of control. Blames external factors rather than personal responsibility.
Which concept is threatened when a person fears confirming a negative group stereotype?

Stereotype threat. Steele's concept: anxiety about confirming stereotypes impairs performance.
What is the self-reference effect?

Better memory for information linked to the self. Self-relevant material is encoded and recalled more effectively.
Identify whether this reflects internal or external locus: "My grade depends on my effort."

Internal locus of control. Attributes success to personal effort, showing internal control.
Which locus of control is the belief that outcomes depend on one's actions?

Internal locus of control. Associated with higher self-efficacy and achievement motivation.
What is self-discrepancy theory's key claim about emotional discomfort?

Distress arises from gaps among actual, ideal, and ought selves. Higgins' theory links self-concept conflicts to emotions.
What is the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Society's collective attitudes become our internal guide.
Which term describes the self as a subject that thinks and acts: "I" or "me"?

"I" (the self as subject/agent). The experiencing, acting self vs. the observed self.
What are Bandura's four main sources of self-efficacy?

Mastery, vicarious, verbal persuasion, physiological state. Direct experience, modeling, encouragement, and emotional arousal build efficacy.
What is the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized societal norms and expectations guiding self and behavior. This concept in symbolic interactionism refers to the collective attitudes of society that individuals internalize to regulate their actions.
In self-discrepancy theory, which discrepancy is most associated with agitation?

Actual–ought discrepancy. Failing obligations creates anxiety and guilt.
Which term describes the self as a subject of experience (the knower)?

The "I" self. William James distinguished the experiencing self from the known self.
Which self-discrepancy is most associated with dejection-related affect?

Actual–ideal discrepancy. This gap leads to feelings of disappointment or sadness due to unfulfilled aspirations.
What is the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Represents collective social attitudes we internalize.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Self-esteem = worth; self-efficacy = capability for a task. Esteem is global value; efficacy is task-specific confidence.
Which concept is most directly measured by a question about "overall self-worth"?

Self-esteem. Self-worth evaluation is the core of self-esteem.
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

Belief in one's ability to execute actions to reach goals. Task-specific confidence that influences motivation and persistence.
What is self-esteem?

Overall evaluative judgment of one's self-worth. Reflects positive or negative feelings about yourself.
What is self-concept in psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses all cognitive and affective representations of who one is.
Which concept best predicts persistence after setbacks: self-esteem or self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy. Task-specific confidence drives continued effort.
What is self-concept in social psychology?

A person's overall set of beliefs and knowledge about the self. This definition encompasses the multifaceted cognitive framework individuals develop regarding their own identity and attributes.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Self-esteem is global worth; self-efficacy is task-specific capability. The distinction lies in self-esteem's broad evaluative nature versus self-efficacy's focus on perceived competence in defined contexts.
Which concept is the tendency to tie one's identity and esteem to group membership?

Social identity. Part of self-concept derived from group memberships and affiliations.
What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at specific tasks. Bandura's concept focusing on confidence in specific abilities.
Identify the type of social comparison: comparing yourself to someone better off.

Upward social comparison. Comparing to superior others for inspiration or evaluation.
What is self-concept in social psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses traits, roles, values, and memories about oneself.
Which locus of control is the belief that outcomes depend on luck or external forces?

External locus of control. Often linked to lower self-efficacy and learned helplessness.
What is self-esteem?

An individual's overall evaluation of self-worth. Reflects how positively or negatively we view ourselves.
Which term describes the self as an object of reflection: "I" or "me"?

"Me" (the self as object/content). The self we can observe and describe to others.
What is locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally versus externally. Perception of personal control over life events.
What is locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally versus externally. Internal locus links outcomes to self; external to outside forces.
Identify the locus of control: "My grade depends mainly on my effort."

Internal locus of control. Attributes success to personal effort, not luck.
What is the difference between the real self and the ideal self?

Real: current self; Ideal: self one wishes to be. Real is who you are; ideal is who you aspire to be.
What is self-enhancement?

Motivation to maintain or increase positive self-views. Drive to feel good about oneself.
What is self-concept in social psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses all mental representations of who we are.
What is self-concept in social psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about oneself.
Identify the concept: "I decide my grades by how hard I study," as a stable belief about outcomes.

Internal locus of control. Believing personal effort determines outcomes reflects internal control.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the social self (social identity) within self-concept?

Self-definition derived from group memberships and roles. Part of self-concept based on social categories.
What is social comparison theory?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. Self-assessment occurs through comparison with others.
What is the "me" in Mead's theory of self?

The internalized social self shaped by others' expectations. Reflects societal rules and how others view us.
Identify the concept: "I did not study so a poor score will not reflect my ability."

Self-handicapping. Creates excuse to protect self-worth from failure.
Which concept is MOST directly assessed by the question: "Can I do this task?"

Self-efficacy. Focuses on capability beliefs for specific tasks or challenges.
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

Belief in one's ability to execute behaviors to reach goals. Task-specific confidence, not general self-worth.
Which concept is MOST directly assessed by the question: "Who am I?"

Self-concept. This question prompts reflection on one's identity and attributes.
What is self-esteem?

Overall evaluative judgment of one's self-worth. Reflects how positively or negatively one views oneself.
What is self-esteem?

A person's overall evaluation of self-worth. This captures the affective component where individuals assess their overall value and competence.
Which locus of control is reflected by "luck determines my grades"?

External locus of control. Belief that outside forces determine outcomes.
Which option best describes an internal locus of control statement?

"My effort largely determines my performance.". Attributes outcomes to personal actions, not external factors.
Identify the type of social comparison: comparing yourself to someone worse off.

Downward social comparison. Comparing to inferior others to boost self-esteem.
Identify the concept: "I can learn this material if I practice consistently."

High self-efficacy. Shows confidence in ability to succeed through effort.
Which term refers to beliefs about one's abilities in a specific domain (not global worth)?

Self-efficacy. Domain-specific confidence contrasts with global self-esteem.
What is the ideal self in Rogers's theory?

The self one wishes to be (aspirations and goals). Contrasts with actual self; drives personal growth.
What is self-schema?

Cognitive framework organizing information about the self. Mental structures that guide processing of self-relevant information.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Efficacy is task-specific ability belief; esteem is global self-worth. One is situational confidence; the other is overall worth.
Identify the bias: "I aced it because I am smart; I failed because the test was unfair."

Self-serving bias. Internal attribution for success, external for failure.
What is the ideal self in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one wants to possess (hopes and aspirations). The self you wish to become, driving motivation.
What is the "me" component of the self in Mead's theory?

The socialized self shaped by others' expectations. Develops through social interactions and role-taking.
What is self-discrepancy (Higgins) in its simplest form?

Mismatch between actual self and ideal or ought self. Gap between who we are and who we want/should be.
What is the "I" in Mead's model of the self?

Spontaneous, subjective, acting self. The creative, impulsive aspect responding to social situations.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of self?

Internalized societal norms used to evaluate one's behavior. Mead's concept of society's collective attitudes within the self.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Self-esteem = worth; self-efficacy = perceived capability for a task. Esteem is global; efficacy is task-specific.
Which concept refers to beliefs about what one can do rather than one's worth?

Self-efficacy. Focuses on capability beliefs, not self-worth judgments.
What is the social identity component of self-concept?

The self derived from group memberships and social categories. Self-concept based on group affiliations.
Which comparison tends to protect self-esteem: upward or downward comparison?

Downward comparison. Comparing to worse-off others maintains positive self-view.
What is the definition of locus of control?

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Rotter's concept of perceived control over life events.
Which option best explains why mastery experiences increase self-efficacy?

Past successful performance strengthens capability beliefs. Direct experience of success builds confidence in abilities.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide excuses for potential failure. Protects self-esteem by having ready-made excuses.
Identify the term: motivation to seek and interpret information that enhances the self.

Self-enhancement. Drive to maintain positive self-image through biased processing.
Which locus of control is linked to believing outcomes depend on luck or powerful others: internal or external?

External locus of control. Can lead to passivity and reduced effort in challenging situations.
Which term refers to global self-worth rather than confidence in a particular task?

Self-esteem. Overall worth differs from task-specific confidence (self-efficacy).
What is self-concept in social psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses all mental representations of who you are.
What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?

Self-concept is descriptive; self-esteem is evaluative. One describes who you are; the other judges your worth.
In self-discrepancy theory, which discrepancy is most linked to agitation emotions?

Actual self vs ought self discrepancy. Gap between actual and duty-bound self causes anxiety.
What is the "generalized other" in Mead's theory?

Internalized societal norms used to evaluate one's behavior. Society's collective perspective becomes part of self.
What is self-concept in the context of MCAT psychology and sociology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses one's perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about who they are.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task. Task-specific confidence, not general self-worth.
Identify the locus of control: "My grade depends mainly on my studying."

Internal locus of control. Attributes outcome to personal effort and control.
What is the "I" in Mead's theory of the self?

The spontaneous, impulsive, subjective part of the self. Mead's theory differentiates the active, experiential aspect of self from its socialized counterpart.
In Mead's theory, what is the "me" component of the self?

Socialized self shaped by others' expectations. The self as object, shaped by social interactions.
What is self-serving bias as it relates to self-esteem maintenance?

Attributing successes internally and failures externally. Protects self-esteem by biasing attributions.
What is self-concept in social psychology?

An individual's beliefs and knowledge about the self. Encompasses all mental representations of who you are.
Which term describes the self as an object of knowledge (the known attributes)?

The "me" self. Represents our self-knowledge and characteristics we can describe.
Identify the type of comparison: comparing yourself to a worse-performing peer to feel better.

Downward social comparison. Looking to those doing worse boosts self-esteem.
What is the looking-glass self (Cooley)?

Self-concept formed by imagining how others see and judge you. We see ourselves reflected in others' reactions.
Which locus of control is most consistent with high self-efficacy?

Internal locus of control. Believing you control outcomes aligns with confidence in abilities.
What is the "me" in Mead's model of the self?

Socialized self shaped by others' expectations. The objective self formed through social interactions and roles.
What is self-serving bias?

Attributing successes internally and failures externally. Protects self-esteem by taking credit but avoiding blame.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by how one thinks others perceive them. Cooley's concept where self-image reflects perceived social judgments.
What is the social comparison theory (Festinger)?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. We gauge our abilities and opinions relative to similar others.
What is an internal locus of control?

Belief that one's actions and effort determine outcomes. This orientation fosters motivation and persistence, as individuals see their efforts directly influencing results.
What is the social comparison theory (Festinger)?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. Self-evaluation occurs through comparisons with similar others.
Which locus of control is associated with believing outcomes depend on luck or outside forces?

External locus of control. Belief that fate or others control outcomes.
Which source of self-efficacy is demonstrated by succeeding at a task?

Mastery experiences (past performance accomplishments). Bandura identifies direct successes as the most influential factor in building confidence through evidence of capability.
What is the looking-glass self (Cooley)?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves as we imagine others see us.
What is a self-schema?

A cognitive framework organizing self-relevant info. Mental structures that process self-related information.
What is role conflict?

Incompatible expectations between two or more roles. Example: student-athlete with conflicting time demands.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the "I" in Mead's theory of the self?

The spontaneous, impulsive, agentic self. The subjective, acting part of self.
What is the I versus the Me in Mead's theory of the self?

I = spontaneous self; Me = internalized social self. Distinguishes active agent from socialized object of self.
Which option best matches: "I cannot do this task, so I will not try" due to past uncontrollability?

Learned helplessness. Results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. Bandura's concept emphasizes confidence in personal capabilities for particular tasks or challenges.
Which term best describes the "Me" (known attributes) in William James's theory of self?

The Me-self. The object of self-knowledge including traits, roles, and memories.
What is the self-reference effect?

Better memory for information related to the self. Self-relevant info gets deeper processing and encoding.
What term refers to a person's overall evaluation of their self-worth?

Self-esteem. Reflects global feelings of personal value and worthiness.
What is the "Me" in Mead's theory of the self?

The socialized self that internalizes others' expectations. The self as object, shaped by social roles and rules.
What is the "I" in Mead's theory of the self?

The spontaneous, subjective, acting self. The active, experiencing aspect of self.
What is the "generalized other" in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Represents collective societal perspectives we consider.
What is learned helplessness?

Passivity after repeated uncontrollable negative outcomes. Giving up when efforts seem futile.
What is the generalized other (Mead)?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Society's collective attitudes that individuals adopt.
What is the difference between personal identity and social identity?

Personal = individual traits; social = group-based self-definition. Personal is unique; social is shared with group members.
What is the "ideal self" in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one wishes or hopes to possess. In Higgins' model, this represents aspirational traits aligned with personal goals and desires.
Identify the construct: "I am a valuable person overall, even when I fail."

Self-esteem. Shows global worth persisting despite specific failures.
What is learned helplessness?

Reduced effort after repeated uncontrollable negative outcomes. Results from perceiving no control over aversive situations.
Identify the concept: "I can do this specific task if I try."

Self-efficacy. Shows task-specific confidence rather than general worth.
What is the "Me" in Mead's theory of the self?

The internalized social self; attitudes of others. The socialized self formed through interactions.
What is self-discrepancy theory (Higgins) focused on?

Mismatch among actual, ideal, and ought selves and its emotions. Higgins' theory examines how inconsistencies between self-guides produce specific emotional responses.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
Which locus of control is linked to believing outcomes depend on one's actions: internal or external?

Internal locus of control. Associated with higher achievement and personal responsibility.
What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?

Self-concept = beliefs; self-esteem = evaluation of those beliefs. Concept is cognitive; esteem is affective.
Which option best describes the spotlight effect?

Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance/actions. People believe they're more observed than they actually are.
What is the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Cooley's concept: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is self-schema?

Cognitive framework that organizes information about the self. Mental structures that guide self-relevant information processing.
What is the operational definition of the "ideal self" in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one wishes or hopes to possess. Personal aspirations and goals for self-improvement.
Identify the concept: "I failed because the exam was unfair," after poor performance.

Self-serving bias. Blaming external factors for failure protects self-image.
What is locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Perception of whether we or external forces control outcomes.
Which construct is MOST directly increased by mastery experiences (successful performance)?

Self-efficacy. Success experiences are the strongest source of efficacy beliefs.
What is the "I" in Mead's theory of self?

The spontaneous, subjective, acting self. The immediate, creative aspect that responds to situations.
What is social comparison theory?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. Festinger's theory explains how we assess our abilities and opinions.
What is the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Society's collective perspective internalized.
Identify the attribution style: "I failed because the test was unfair."

External attribution. Blames outside factors rather than personal responsibility.
What is identity in the context of self-concept?

Roles, group memberships, and personal meanings defining the self. Multiple aspects that collectively form one's self-concept.
Which source most directly increases self-efficacy: observing a similar peer succeed?

Vicarious experiences (modeling). Seeing similar others succeed boosts confidence.
What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?

Strain = within one role; conflict = between roles. Strain occurs in one role; conflict occurs across multiple roles.
In self-discrepancy theory, which discrepancy is most associated with dejection?

Actual–ideal discrepancy. Falling short of aspirations causes sadness.
What is learned helplessness?

Passivity after repeated uncontrollable negative events. Seligman's theory: uncontrollability leads to giving up.
Which concept is most directly measured by a question about "confidence to do this task"?

Self-efficacy. Task-specific confidence defines self-efficacy.
Identify the term: "Belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed with effort."

Growth mindset. Dweck's concept promoting resilience and learning from failure.
Which concept is MOST directly assessed by the question: "How good am I?"

Self-esteem. This evaluative question directly assesses self-worth.
What is locus of control?

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Perception of personal control versus fate/luck/others.
Which option best describes the self-reference effect in memory?

Information linked to the self is recalled better. Self-relevant material creates deeper processing.
Which comparison tends to increase motivation but may lower self-esteem: upward or downward comparison?

Upward comparison. Comparing to superior others can inspire but also threaten self-worth.
Identify the locus of control: "I failed because the test was unfair."

External locus of control. Blames circumstances rather than personal responsibility.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Esteem = worth; efficacy = capability in a specific domain. Esteem is global; efficacy is task-specific confidence.
Which term describes comparing oneself to others to evaluate abilities or opinions?

Social comparison. Festinger's theory of self-evaluation through others.
Which term describes a collection of beliefs about oneself in different domains?

Self-schema. Organized knowledge structures about the self in specific areas.
Identify the concept: "I failed because the test was unfair" after failing.

Self-serving bias (external attribution for failure). Blaming external factors protects self-esteem.
What is self-schema?

A cognitive framework that organizes self-relevant information. Mental structures that process self-information.
What is locus of control?

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Influences motivation, effort, and response to setbacks.
What is the "me" in Mead's theory of the self?

The socialized self shaped by others' expectations. The objective self seen through social lens.
What is an external locus of control?

Belief that chance, fate, or others determine outcomes. This perspective leads to reduced agency, attributing results to uncontrollable external forces.
What is the "I" component of the self in Mead's theory?

The spontaneous, impulsive, subjective self. The active, experiencing self that acts in the moment.
Which term best describes the "I" (subjective agent) in William James's theory of self?

The I-self. The experiencing subject who thinks and acts in the present moment.
What is the social comparison theory of self-evaluation?

People evaluate themselves by comparing to others. Festinger's theory explains self-assessment through social context.
Identify the type of comparison: comparing yourself to a better-performing peer to improve.

Upward social comparison. Looking to those doing better motivates self-improvement.
Which locus of control is associated with believing outcomes depend on one's actions?

Internal locus of control. Belief that personal effort determines outcomes.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Efficacy is task-specific ability belief; esteem is global self-worth. One is situational confidence; the other is overall self-value.
Identify the concept: "I am a valuable person, even if I fail."

Self-esteem. Expresses overall worth independent of specific abilities.
Which concept is most domain-specific: self-concept, self-esteem, or self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy. Varies by task (e.g., math vs. social skills), unlike global self-esteem.
Which locus of control is shown by "Luck determines my grades"?

External locus of control. Shows belief that chance/others determine outcomes.
What is the "Me" in Mead's theory of the self?

The internalized social self shaped by others' expectations. In Mead's framework, this represents the objective self formed through social interactions and perceived expectations.
Identify the concept: "My self-worth depends on meeting high standards and avoiding mistakes."

Contingent self-esteem. Self-worth fluctuates based on external validation and achievements.
Identify the concept: repeated failure leads to "Nothing I do matters," then quitting.

Learned helplessness. Classic pattern: no control → helplessness → passivity.
What is self-esteem?

Overall evaluative judgment of one's self-worth. Reflects how positively or negatively you view yourself.
What is the "actual self" in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one believes one currently possesses. This core component in self-discrepancy theory reflects one's perceived current state of being.
What is self-esteem?

An individual's overall evaluation of self-worth. Global judgment of one's value as a person, positive or negative.
Which discrepancy is most associated with dejection-related affect (e.g., sadness): actual–ideal or actual–ought?

Actual–ideal discrepancy. Failing to meet aspirations causes disappointment and depression.
What is the Barnum effect?

Accepting vague, general statements as uniquely descriptive of oneself. This phenomenon occurs because ambiguous, flattering descriptions exploit people's tendency to find personal relevance.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Belief that leads to behaviors that make the belief come true. Expectations alter behavior to confirm themselves.
Which type of social comparison is comparing to someone worse off?

Downward social comparison. Often boosts self-esteem but may reduce motivation to improve.
Which term refers to the self as the knower or observer: "I" or "me"?

"I" (the subjective self). The experiencing subject, not the observed object.
What is the looking-glass self (Cooley)?

Self-concept formed by imagining others' judgments. We see ourselves reflected in how others perceive us.
Identify the concept: "People think I am incompetent, so I must be incompetent."

Looking-glass self. Self-perception shaped by imagined judgments of others.
What is the "ought self" in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one believes one should possess (duties/obligations). Higgins defines this as the self-guide encompassing moral duties and societal standards one feels compelled to uphold.
What is the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized societal expectations used to guide behavior. Represents society's collective attitudes we internalize.
Which option best defines social identity in social identity theory?

Self-concept derived from membership in social groups. Part of self-concept tied to group memberships.
What is self-verification theory?

People seek feedback that confirms existing self-views. We prefer feedback matching our self-concept.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and locus of control?

Efficacy: can I do it; locus: who/what controls outcomes. One is capability belief, other is control attribution.
Which locus of control is shown by "My effort determines my grades"?

Internal locus of control. Shows belief that personal actions determine outcomes.
In self-discrepancy theory, which discrepancy is most linked to dejection emotions?

Actual self vs ideal self discrepancy. Gap between who you are and who you want to be causes sadness.
What is the self-reference effect in memory?

Better recall for information related to the self. Self-relevant info gets deeper processing and encoding.
What is the ought self in self-discrepancy theory?

Attributes one feels obligated to possess (duties and norms). Based on perceived responsibilities and expectations.
Which component of self-concept refers to beliefs about what you can do (abilities)?

Competence beliefs. Distinct from self-worth; focuses on perceived skills and abilities.
What is the difference between identity and role in sociology?

Identity = self-definition; role = expected behavior pattern. Identity is who you are; role is what you're expected to do.
Which discrepancy is most associated with agitation-related affect (e.g., anxiety): actual–ideal or actual–ought?

Actual–ought discrepancy. Failing to meet obligations causes guilt and anxiety.
What is role strain?

Stress from competing demands within a single role. Example: teacher balancing discipline with nurturing.
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Worth evaluation vs belief in capability for specific tasks. Esteem is global; efficacy is task-specific.
What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at specific tasks. Task-specific confidence, not general self-worth.
What is learned helplessness?

Reduced effort after repeated uncontrollable negative outcomes. Seligman's concept: giving up due to perceived lack of control.
What is locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Shapes motivation and response to success/failure.
What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to execute actions to reach goals. Task-specific confidence, not general self-worth.
Identify the concept: "People think I am awkward, so I must be."

Looking-glass self. Self-concept formed through perceived social reflections.
What is a downward social comparison?

Comparing oneself to someone perceived as worse off. Often boosts self-esteem by providing favorable comparisons.
Identify the concept: "I can do this surgery well" is a belief about what?

Self-efficacy. This statement reflects Bandura's construct of perceived competence in executing a specific behavior successfully.
Identify the concept: "I can master this task with practice".

High self-efficacy. Shows confidence in ability to succeed.
What is the personal identity component of self-concept?

The self defined by individual traits and unique attributes. Self-concept based on individual characteristics.
What is the relationship between learned helplessness and locus of control?

Helplessness is linked to an external locus for negative outcomes. Believing outcomes are uncontrollable leads to passivity.
What is learned helplessness?

Passive resignation after repeated uncontrollable negative events. Seligman's model explains how exposure to unavoidable adversity results in diminished motivation and expectancy of control.
Identify the concept: Choosing friends who view you as you view yourself.

Self-verification. Seeking confirmation of existing self-views.
What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to perform tasks and reach goals. Task-specific confidence, not global self-worth.
What is the self-serving bias?

Attributing successes to self and failures to external factors. This cognitive bias protects self-esteem by internalizing positive outcomes and externalizing negative ones.
Which comparison involves evaluating yourself against someone better to improve performance?

Upward social comparison. Comparing to superior others motivates self-improvement.
Identify the type of comparison: "I feel better because others did worse than me."

Downward social comparison. Boosts self-esteem by comparing to less fortunate others.
What is the "I" in Mead's theory of the self?

The spontaneous, impulsive, subjective self. The creative, acting self before social filtering.
Identify the construct: "I can successfully complete this specific task if I practice."

Self-efficacy. Shows task-specific confidence, not global worth.
Which term refers to the self as the known object of reflection: "I" or "me"?

"Me" (the objective self). The self as perceived and evaluated by oneself.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide an excuse for potential failure. Protects self-esteem by attributing failure to obstacles.
Identify the term: "Belief that intelligence and abilities are stable and unchangeable."

Fixed mindset. Dweck's concept limiting potential through belief in innate limits.
In Mead's theory, what is the "I" component of the self?

Spontaneous, impulsive, individual self. The creative, unpredictable aspect before social filtering.
Identify the bias: "I aced the test because I am smart; I failed because the test was unfair."

Self-serving bias. Classic example of attributing outcomes to favor the self.
Identify the concept: "I am a bad person because I failed the exam."

Low self-esteem (global self-worth evaluation). Generalizes failure to overall self-worth, not just ability.
What is self-handicapping?

Creating obstacles to provide an excuse for potential failure. This strategy preserves self-esteem by preemptively attributing potential poor performance to external barriers.
Identify the locus of control: "My grade depends mostly on my effort and study strategy."

Internal locus of control. Believes personal actions determine outcomes.

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