Identity Formation and Developmental Theories (8A) - Psych & Soc

Identify Marcia status: a student is unengaged, has not explored, and has no clear commitments.

Identity diffusion. Low exploration and low commitment indicates lack of identity work.
What is Marcia's foreclosure identity status defined by?

Low exploration and high commitment. Committed without exploring alternatives independently.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's young adulthood stage?

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults face forming close relationships vs remaining emotionally distant.
Which locus of control is endorsed by: "Luck and fate determine what happens to me."?

External locus of control. Attributes outcomes to chance or forces beyond control.
What is the definition of the generalized other in Mead's theory?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Society's collective attitudes become part of self.
Which stage of Mead's self development involves understanding rules and multiple roles in games?

Game stage. Children grasp organized rules and coordinate multiple perspectives.
What is the term for behavior conforming to social expectations for males or females?

Gender role. Culturally defined expectations for masculine/feminine behavior.
What is the definition of role strain in sociology?

Stress from competing demands within a single role. Tension from conflicting expectations within one role (e.g., teacher).
What is the main psychosocial crisis in Erikson's stage: intimacy vs. isolation?

Develop close relationships without losing sense of self. Young adults balance autonomy with emotional connection.
What is identity foreclosure in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment without exploration. Accepting identity without questioning alternatives.
What is the definition of self-efficacy (Bandura)?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. Task-specific confidence; predicts performance and persistence.
Identify Marcia status: a student tries multiple majors but has not chosen a long-term path.

Moratorium. Active exploration without commitment characterizes this status.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt; virtue = will. Toddlers gain independence through self-control tasks, building willpower to act autonomously without excessive doubt.
What is the main psychosocial crisis in Erikson's stage: integrity vs. despair?

Accept one's life as meaningful rather than regretful. Older adults reflect on life achievements vs. missed opportunities.
What is Marcia's identity status of low exploration and low commitment?

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring options nor making commitments to identity.
What concept describes the integration of past experiences into a coherent life story in late adulthood?

Ego integrity. Accepting one's life as meaningful and worthwhile in retrospect.
Which Marcia identity status best fits: 'has considered options and chosen a career path'?

Identity achievement. Shows both exploration (considered) and commitment (chosen).
What is the definition of the looking-glass self (Cooley)?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' judgments. We see ourselves as we imagine others see us.
What is identity moratorium in Marcia's identity status model?

Exploration without commitment. Actively exploring options before committing.
What is the term for failure to develop a clear sense of self in Erikson's adolescence stage?

Role confusion. Occurs when adolescents cannot establish coherent identity.
Identify Marcia status: a teen questions values and careers but has not chosen a direction.

Moratorium. Actively exploring but hasn't committed to any path.
What is the definition of self-concept in social psychology?

Beliefs and knowledge about oneself. Includes traits, abilities, values, and roles one attributes to oneself.
Identify the Marcia status: a student adopts the family career path without questioning alternatives.

Foreclosure. Commits without exploring, typical of parental influence.
What is the psychosocial crisis of Erikson's late adulthood stage?

Integrity vs. despair. Occurs age 65+, reflecting on life accomplishments.
What is the core idea of social identity theory regarding self-concept?

Self-concept partly derives from group memberships. We define ourselves through social categories we belong to.
What is the definition of in-group favoritism in intergroup relations?

Preference for one's own group over out-groups. People favor their own group to maintain positive self-concept.
What is the definition of identity crisis in Erikson's framework?

Period of questioning to form a coherent identity. Normal adolescent process of self-discovery.
Which Marcia identity status is defined by exploration present and commitment present?

Identity achievement. Occurs after exploring options and making commitments, leading to a stable and self-chosen identity.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me" in self-development?

"I" = spontaneous self; "me" = internalized social self. "I" acts spontaneously; "me" reflects societal expectations.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me" in self development?

"I" is spontaneous; "me" is internalized social expectations. "I" acts freely; "me" reflects society's influence on self.
Which Marcia identity status is high exploration and high commitment?

Identity achievement. Has explored options and made firm commitments to identity.
What is Marcia's identity moratorium status?

Exploration present; commitment absent. Actively exploring but not yet committed.
What is Mead's "generalized other" in the development of the self?

Internalized societal norms and expectations. Society's collective attitudes that individuals incorporate into self.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me"?

"I" = spontaneous self; "me" = internalized social self. "I" acts; "me" reflects society's influence on self.
Which identity status is described by: "I have not decided on a career and I am not looking"?

Diffusion. No commitment and no active exploration of options.
What is Marcia's moratorium identity status defined by?

High exploration and low commitment. Actively exploring but not yet committed to choices.
Identify the Marcia identity status: no commitment and no active exploration.

Identity diffusion. Characterized by apathy and lack of direction in identity formation.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's young adulthood stage?

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk feeling isolated.
What is the definition of role strain in relation to social roles and identity?

Stress from competing demands within one role. Single role has conflicting expectations (e.g., teacher discipline vs. support).
What is Marcia's identity status of high exploration with low commitment?

Identity moratorium. Actively exploring options but hasn't made firm commitments yet.
What is the psychosocial crisis of Erikson's middle adulthood stage?

Generativity vs. stagnation. Occurs ages 40-65, focusing on productivity and legacy.
What is the definition of role-taking in symbolic interactionism?

Adopting another person's perspective. Essential for understanding social situations and developing empathy.
Which Marcia identity status best matches: "After exploring, I committed to my values and career plan"?

Identity achievement. Demonstrates both exploration and commitment phases.
What is the main developmental task in Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Forming close, committed relationships. Young adults must develop intimate relationships or risk isolation.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is neither exploration nor commitment?

Identity diffusion. Lowest maturity: lacks both exploration and commitment.
Which identity status is described by: "I am actively considering different religions, but I have not committed"?

Moratorium. Actively exploring but hasn't committed to any option.
Which Marcia identity status is high exploration and low commitment?

Moratorium. Currently exploring but hasn't made firm commitments yet.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for infancy (birth to 1 year)?

Trust vs mistrust; virtue = hope. Infants develop basic trust through consistent caregiving, fostering hope as the foundational virtue for future relationships.
Identify the Marcia identity status: exploring careers/values but not yet committed.

Identity moratorium. Person is in crisis phase, actively questioning but uncommitted.
What is the core psychosocial task Erikson assigns to early adulthood?

Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk feeling isolated.
What does Marcia mean by "identity crisis" in identity status theory?

Active exploration of identity alternatives. Not a crisis but healthy process of trying different identities.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is exploration without commitment?

Moratorium. Actively exploring identity options but hasn't made commitments yet.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by commitment without exploration?

Foreclosure. Person commits without exploring alternatives first.
What is the key distinction between Erikson and Piaget regarding development?

Erikson focuses on psychosocial crises, not cognition. Piaget studied cognitive development; Erikson studied social-emotional development.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's middle adulthood stage?

Generativity vs stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
What is the difference between personal identity and social identity?

Personal: individual traits; Social: group-based self-definition. Personal is unique attributes; social derives from group memberships.
Which theorist described identity development using exploration and commitment?

James Marcia. Expanded Erikson's work with four identity statuses.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me" in self development?

"I" is spontaneous self; "me" is internalized social self. The "I" acts spontaneously while the "me" reflects societal expectations.
Which Marcia identity status best fits: 'plans to be a physician because parents decided'?

Foreclosure. Shows commitment (plans) without exploration (parents decided).
Identify Marcia's identity status: a student chooses a career path with no exploration, following parents.

Foreclosure. No exploration but commitment present defines foreclosure.
What is the core conflict of Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Identity vs. role confusion; forming a coherent self-concept. Adolescents must integrate various aspects of self into a unified identity.
What is the definition of role conflict in sociology?

Incompatible expectations between two or more roles. Tension from competing demands of different roles (e.g., parent vs. employee).
What is identity moratorium in Marcia's identity status model?

Exploration without commitment. Actively exploring options but not yet making firm choices.
Which identity status is most associated with active questioning of values and career goals?

Moratorium. This status involves trying out different identities before committing.
What is Marcia's identity diffusion status defined by?

Low exploration and low commitment. Neither exploring options nor making commitments.
Which Marcia identity status is high exploration and low commitment?

Moratorium. Currently exploring but hasn't made firm commitments yet.
What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage?

Forming a stable personal identity. Adolescents explore values, beliefs, and goals to establish identity.
What is the key developmental task in Erikson's stage: identity vs. role confusion?

Form a stable identity by integrating roles, values, and beliefs. Adolescents must synthesize various aspects of self into coherent whole.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by high exploration and low commitment?

Moratorium. Person is actively exploring but hasn't committed yet.
What is Marcia's identity diffusion status?

Exploration absent; commitment absent. Neither explores nor commits to identity.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for school age (6 to 12 years)?

Industry vs inferiority; virtue = competence. School-age children master skills and tasks, gaining competence through productivity and avoiding feelings of inadequacy.
Which locus of control is endorsed by: "My studying determines my exam score."?

Internal locus of control. Attributes outcomes to personal effort and actions.
Identify Marcia's identity status: a student has explored options and committed to a chosen worldview.

Identity achievement. Both exploration and commitment present.
What is identity diffusion in Marcia's identity status model?

No exploration and no commitment. Lacking direction and avoiding identity decisions.
What is in-group favoritism in social identity theory?

Preferential evaluation or treatment of one's own group. Bias toward groups we belong to enhances self-esteem.
What is Mead's distinction between the 'I' and the 'me'?

I: spontaneous self; Me: internalized social expectations. I is the active self; Me is the socialized self-concept.
What is the definition of self-esteem in MCAT psychology and sociology?

Overall evaluation of one's self-worth. Affective judgment about whether we view ourselves positively or negatively.
What term describes a stable sense of self that integrates values, goals, and roles across contexts?

Identity (ego identity). Coherent self-concept formed through successful identity development.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of self development?

Internalized norms and expectations of society. Represents society's collective attitudes we internalize.
What is the key developmental task of adolescence in Erikson's theory?

Forming a stable identity (values, goals, roles). Adolescents must integrate various aspects into coherent self-concept.
Which identity status best fits: the person shows little interest in career or values and has no commitments?

Identity diffusion. Shows neither exploration nor commitment.
What does Marcia mean by "identity crisis" in identity status theory?

Active exploration of alternatives in roles, values, or beliefs. Refers to the period of questioning and experimenting with possibilities to form a personal identity.
Identify the Marcia identity status: committed to parents' values without questioning.

Identity foreclosure. Premature commitment without exploration, often to please others.
What is the definition of the generalized other in Mead's theory?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Society's collective attitudes become part of individual identity.
What is the key claim of social identity theory about the self-concept?

Self-concept partly derives from group memberships. We define ourselves partly through the groups we belong to.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is commitment without exploration?

Foreclosure. Premature commitment without exploring alternatives.
Identify Marcia status: a teen shows little interest in exploring or deciding on goals.

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring nor committing; appears directionless.
What is the difference between role-taking and role-making in identity development?

Role-taking: adopt roles; Role-making: modify roles to fit self. Taking accepts roles as given; making actively shapes them.
Identify Marcia's identity status: a student shows no interest in exploring or committing to goals.

Identity diffusion. Neither exploration nor commitment present.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' judgments. We see ourselves as we think others see us.
What is the definition of role strain in the context of identity and social roles?

Stress from incompatible demands within one role. Tension from conflicting expectations within same role.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's young adulthood stage (about ages $18$ – $40$ )?

Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk emotional isolation.
What does Social Identity Theory propose about self-concept and group membership?

Self-esteem partly derives from in-group membership and comparison. People enhance self-esteem through positive group distinctiveness.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is exploration and commitment?

Identity achievement. The healthiest status: explored options and made firm commitments.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of self development?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Collective attitudes of society become part of self-concept.
What is the definition of the out-group homogeneity effect?

Perceiving out-group members as more similar. "They're all the same" bias toward other groups.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept from perceived judgments of others. We form our self-image based on how we think others perceive us.
What is the psychosocial crisis of young adulthood in Erikson's theory (approximately ages $18$ – $40$ )?

Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults form close relationships or feel isolated from others.
What is the term for an individual's evaluation of their own worth?

Self-esteem. Reflects positive or negative feelings about oneself.
What is identity diffusion in Marcia's identity status model?

No exploration and no commitment. Lacking direction with no active search for identity.
What is the difference between personal identity and social identity?

Personal: unique traits; Social: group-based self-definition. Personal is individual; social derives from group memberships.
Identify the Marcia status: a student explores majors, then commits to one after reflection.

Identity achievement. Shows both exploration process and firm commitment afterward.
What does Freud mean by identification in psychosexual development?

Adopting traits of same-sex parent to resolve conflict. Child internalizes parent's characteristics during phallic stage.
What is identity achievement in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment after exploration. Having explored options and made informed identity choices.
Which Marcia identity status is defined by exploration absent and commitment present?

Identity foreclosure. Results from adopting commitments without personal exploration, often based on external influences like family.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial conflict during adolescence (approximately ages $12$ to $18$ )?

Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescents must develop a sense of self or face confusion about their role in society.
What is gender schema theory in the context of identity development?

Gender identity develops via internalized cognitive schemas. Children organize gender knowledge into mental frameworks.
What is the definition of generativity in Erikson's middle adulthood stage?

Contributing to society and guiding the next generation. Key task of middle adulthood stage.
What is Marcia's identity achievement status defined by?

High exploration and high commitment. Explored options thoroughly before making commitments.
Identify the Marcia status: a student shows little interest in future plans and avoids commitments.

Identity diffusion. Lacks both exploration drive and commitment to identity.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's middle adulthood stage?

Generativity vs stagnation. Middle-aged adults balance contributing to society vs self-absorption.
Identify the Marcia identity status: explored alternatives and made stable commitments.

Identity achievement. Successful resolution after period of exploration and crisis.
What is identity in the context of identity formation theories?

A coherent self-concept across roles, values, and goals. Represents an integrated sense of self that provides continuity and direction across life's domains.
Which Marcia identity status best matches: "I am exploring majors but have not chosen one yet"?

Moratorium. Shows active exploration without commitment yet.
What is the definition of self-esteem?

Overall evaluation of one's self-worth. Can be global or specific to particular domains.
What is the core psychosocial task Erikson assigns to middle adulthood?

Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
What is identity foreclosure in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment without exploration. Adopting identity without questioning or exploring alternatives.
What is Erikson's core psychosocial conflict during adolescence (approximately ages $12$ – $18$ )?

Identity vs role confusion. Adolescents struggle between forming a coherent self-identity and experiencing confusion about their role.
What is Marcia's identity foreclosure status?

Exploration absent; commitment present. Commits without exploring alternatives.
What is the psychosocial crisis of Erikson's adolescence stage?

Identity vs. role confusion. Occurs during adolescence (ages 12-18) in Erikson's theory.
What is Marcia's identity status of high commitment with low exploration?

Identity foreclosure. Commitment made without exploring alternatives, often adopting parental values.
Identify the two dimensions that define Marcia's identity statuses.

Exploration and commitment. These dimensions create four distinct identity statuses.
Which identity status best fits: the person is actively exploring majors but has not chosen one?

Moratorium. Actively exploring but hasn't made a commitment.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves through how we think others see us.
What is identity diffusion in Marcia's identity status model?

No exploration and no commitment. Lacking both identity crisis and resolution.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is neither exploration nor commitment?

Identity diffusion. Lacks both exploration and commitment, showing apathy about identity.
Identify the Marcia status: a person has explored options and chosen a career path.

Identity achievement. Represents resolution of identity crisis through exploration followed by firm, self-directed commitments.
What is the definition of self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at tasks. Bandura's concept influencing motivation and persistence.
In Mead's theory, what is the difference between the "I" and the "me"?

"I" spontaneous self; "me" internalized social self. "I" acts spontaneously; "me" reflects social expectations.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of self-development?

Internalized norms and expectations of society. Represents the attitudes of the whole community.
What is Mead's "me" component of the self?

The internalized social self shaped by norms and expectations. Consists of the organized attitudes and expectations of society that influence self-perception and behavior.
Which identity status fits: a student explored options and then committed to a career path?

Achievement. Exploration followed by commitment indicates achievement.
What is Marcia's identity status of high exploration and high commitment?

Identity achievement. Individual has explored options and made firm commitments.
What is role confusion in Erikson's adolescence stage?

Uncertainty about self, goals, values, and social roles. Occurs when teens fail to establish a coherent identity.
Which identity concept describes a person's sense of self derived from group memberships?

Social identity. Part of self-concept from social groups (race, culture, etc.).
Which Mead concept describes internalized attitudes of the broader society?

Generalized other. Represents society's collective expectations internalized by individuals.
What is Marcia's identity status for exploration low and commitment low?

Identity diffusion. No exploration of options and no commitments made; passive and directionless state.
Which concept describes conflict between two simultaneously held identities or roles?

Role strain (within one role) or role conflict (between roles). Arises when demands of multiple roles or identities create tension, requiring prioritization or resolution.
Which concept best fits: 'I see myself as a leader because I am in the student government group'?

Social identity. Leadership identity stems from group membership.
Which Marcia identity status is low exploration and low commitment?

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring nor committed to identity choices.
Identify the identity status: A student is actively exploring majors but has not committed to one.

Moratorium. High exploration without commitment defines moratorium status.
Identify the identity status: low exploration and low commitment.

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring nor committing to identity.
What is identity foreclosure in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment without exploration. Accepting others' values without questioning or exploring alternatives.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is commitment without exploration?

Foreclosure. Commits to identity without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' values.
What is the minimal group paradigm used to demonstrate in social psychology?

In-group favoritism can occur with trivial, arbitrary group assignment. Shows bias emerges from mere categorization, even without real differences.
Which Marcia identity status best matches: "I have no clear plans and I am not trying to decide"?

Identity diffusion. Shows neither exploration nor commitment to identity.
Which theorist proposed the psychosocial stages of development across the lifespan?

Erik Erikson. Developed 8 psychosocial stages from infancy to late adulthood.
What is the term for a person's sense of who they are across time and situations?

Self-concept. Broader than identity; includes all self-perceptions.
What is the primary psychosocial task of Erikson's Identity vs role confusion stage?

Develop a coherent identity and sense of self. Successful resolution leads to fidelity and clear self-understanding.
Identify the identity status: A student adopts parents' career choice without considering alternatives.

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring alternatives, typical of foreclosure status.
What is Marcia's identity status for exploration high and commitment low?

Moratorium. Actively exploring options but hasn't made commitments; a crisis period.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' judgments. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through how we think others see us.
Which identity status is described by: "I chose my major because my parents expected it"?

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring, following parental expectations.
What is the core claim of social identity theory about the self?

Self-concept derives partly from group memberships. Group identities contribute to individual self-concept.
What is the term for distress from a mismatch between experienced gender and assigned sex?

Gender dysphoria. Clinical condition requiring significant distress.
What is the primary developmental task in Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage?

Forming a coherent personal identity. Adolescents integrate various aspects of self into a unified identity.
Identify the identity status: high exploration and low commitment.

Identity moratorium. Currently exploring but hasn't committed yet.
What is the definition of self-concept as used in MCAT psychology and sociology?

Beliefs and knowledge about one's attributes and identity. Cognitive representation of who we are, including traits and roles.
What is the psychosocial crisis of late adulthood in Erikson's theory (approximately ages $65+$ )?

Ego integrity vs. despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
What is identity achievement in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment after exploration. Reached identity through active exploration process.
Which identity status fits: a student has no clear goals and is not exploring options?

Diffusion. No goals or exploration indicates diffusion status.
What does Marcia mean by "commitment" in identity status theory?

Firm choice of values, goals, or roles. Commitment means making definite choices about one's identity.
Which of Mead's stages involves understanding multiple roles and rules (for example, team sports)?

Game stage. Children learn to coordinate multiple perspectives and follow social rules.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for adolescence (12 to 20 years)?

Identity vs role confusion; virtue = fidelity. Adolescents form a cohesive self-identity by integrating roles, achieving fidelity to values and ideologies.
Which identity status best fits: the person explored options and then committed to a chosen career?

Identity achievement. Explored thoroughly before making a commitment.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is exploration without commitment?

Moratorium. Active exploration phase without settling on commitments yet.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's late adulthood stage?

Integrity vs despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
Which identity status fits: a student adopts parents' career choice with no exploration?

Foreclosure. Accepting without exploring indicates foreclosure.
Which Erikson stage is most associated with adolescence and identity formation?

Identity vs. role confusion. This stage typically occurs during adolescence (ages 12-18).
What is Erikson's central psychosocial crisis during adolescence (approximately ages $12$ – $18$ )?

Identity vs role confusion. Teens must develop coherent identity or face confusion about their roles.
What is the primary psychosocial outcome of successful identity formation in Erikson's theory?

Fidelity (a stable sense of self and commitments). Successfully resolving identity crisis leads to loyalty and ability to maintain commitments.
What is the core psychosocial task Erikson assigns to late adulthood?

Integrity vs. despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
What is the looking-glass self in Cooley's theory?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' views. We see ourselves as we imagine others see us.
What is role confusion in Erikson's theory?

Uncertainty about goals, values, and social roles. Occurs when adolescents cannot establish clear identity.
What is the key idea of Erikson's theory regarding social influences on development?

Social context shapes development via stage-specific crises. Each stage has a crisis resolved through social interactions.
Which Marcia identity status is defined by exploration absent and commitment absent?

Identity diffusion. Characterized by lack of exploration and commitment, leading to apathy or disinterest in identity formation.
Which of Mead's stages involves taking the role of a specific other during make-believe?

Play stage. Children imitate specific people, learning single perspectives.
What is Marcia's identity status called when there is exploration and commitment?

Identity achievement. Highest maturity: explored options and made commitments.
What is the term for a socially defined position with expected behaviors (for example, student, parent)?

Social role. Positions in society with specific behavioral expectations.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of self-development?

Internalized societal expectations used to guide behavior. Serves as an internalized perspective of the broader community, guiding moral and social conduct.
What does Marcia mean by "identity commitment" in identity status theory?

Choosing and adhering to identity goals/values. Making firm decisions about identity after exploration.
What is the primary developmental task of Erikson's adolescence stage?

Forming a coherent identity. Adolescents must integrate various aspects of self into a unified whole.
Which Marcia identity status best fits: 'actively trying majors but has not decided'?

Moratorium. Shows exploration (trying) but no commitment (undecided).
What is the definition of identity crisis in Erikson's theory?

Period of exploration to form a coherent identity. Adolescents actively explore different identities before committing.
What is social identity in social psychology and identity formation?

Self-concept derived from group memberships. Part of self-concept based on social group affiliations.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial task of adolescence (approximately ages $12$ – $18$ )?

Identity vs. role confusion. Teens develop coherent identity or experience confusion about self and future.
What is the definition of identity salience in role identity theory?

Likelihood a role identity is invoked across situations. Higher salience means identity is more readily activated.
What is Erikson's core psychosocial conflict during young adulthood (approximately ages $18$ – $40$ )?

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk feeling isolated.
What is the main psychosocial crisis in Erikson's stage: generativity vs. stagnation?

Contribute to society and support the next generation. Middle-aged adults focus on productivity and mentoring.
Identify the concept: conflict from incompatible demands of two social roles.

Role conflict. Occurs when expectations of different roles clash (e.g., parent vs. employee).
What is the term for adopting behaviors and expectations associated with a social position?

Socialization. Process of learning norms and behaviors for social roles.
Which theory explains development as discontinuous stages driven by resolving psychosocial crises?

Erikson's psychosocial development theory. Proposes eight discontinuous stages where individuals resolve psychosocial crises to develop virtues and advance psychologically.
What does Marcia mean by "exploration" in identity status theory?

Active questioning and trying alternatives. Exploration involves actively testing different identity options.
What is Marcia's identity achievement status?

Exploration present; commitment present. Most mature status after exploring options.
What is the definition of role confusion in Erikson's adolescence stage?

Uncertainty about self, values, and future roles. Results from unresolved identity crisis.
Which Marcia identity status is defined by exploration present and commitment absent?

Identity moratorium. Involves active exploration without firm decisions, representing a transitional phase of identity development.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by low exploration and high commitment?

Foreclosure. Person commits without exploring other possibilities.
Identify the Marcia status: a student adopts parents' religion without questioning it.

Identity foreclosure. Reflects premature commitment without personal questioning, often mirroring parental or societal expectations.
What is Erikson's core psychosocial conflict during late adulthood (approximately age $65+$ )?

Integrity vs despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial crisis during late adulthood (approximately age $65+$ )?

Ego integrity vs despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
What is social identity in social identity theory?

Self-concept derived from group memberships. Part of self-concept based on group categories like race or profession.
What is the primary psychosocial task of Erikson's stage: identity vs role confusion?

Develop a coherent sense of self and life direction. Success means integrating various aspects of self into a unified identity.
What is the definition of self-esteem?

Overall evaluation of one's self-worth. Affective component; how positively we view ourselves.
What is the term for uncertainty about how to behave in a role or what is expected in that role?

Role strain (role ambiguity). Occurs when role expectations are unclear or undefined.
What is the definition of role conflict in relation to social roles and identity?

Incompatible expectations across different roles. Multiple roles clash (e.g., work vs. family demands).
Identify Marcia status: a student accepts parents' career choice with no personal exploration.

Foreclosure. Commitment without exploration indicates accepting others' decisions.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept shaped by perceived others' judgments. We see ourselves through how we think others see us.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's adolescence stage?

Identity vs role confusion. Adolescents struggle between developing identity and uncertainty about self.
Which Marcia identity status best fits: 'no clear goals and not seeking options'?

Identity diffusion. Shows neither exploration (not seeking) nor commitment (no goals).
What is the 'looking-glass self' in Cooley's theory of identity development?

Self-concept forms from perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves as we imagine others see us.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for preschool (3 to 6 years)?

Initiative vs guilt; virtue = purpose. Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and assert control, developing purpose when guilt from overstepping is balanced.
What is the core focus of Erikson's psychosocial theory across the lifespan?

Resolution of psychosocial crises to build ego strengths. Each stage involves resolving a crisis to develop psychological strength.
What is the definition of self-concept in social psychology?

Beliefs and knowledge about one's attributes and identity. Cognitive representation of who we think we are.
What is Erikson's psychosocial crisis in late adulthood?

Ego integrity vs despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
Identify Marcia status: a student has explored options and decided on a career and values that fit.

Identity achievement. High exploration and high commitment shows resolved identity crisis.
What is in-group bias in social identity theory?

Favoring one's own group over out-groups. People automatically prefer members of their own social groups.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's late adulthood stage (about age $65+$ )?

Integrity vs. despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
Which option best identifies the mechanism behind stereotype threat effects on performance?

Anxiety and cognitive load from fear of confirming a stereotype. Performance suffers when negative stereotypes are salient.
What is the "generalized other" in Mead's theory of the self?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Represents society's collective attitudes that shape individual behavior.
What is the key distinction between Erikson and Freud regarding development?

Erikson emphasizes social context across the lifespan. Freud focused on psychosexual stages; Erikson on social influences throughout life.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for late adulthood (65+ years)?

Integrity vs despair; virtue = wisdom. Older adults reflect on life achievements, attaining wisdom through acceptance to counter despair over regrets.
What is Marcia's identity status for exploration low and commitment high?

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring; often adopting others' expectations.
What is Marcia's identity status for exploration high and commitment high?

Identity achievement. Explored options thoroughly and made firm commitments; most mature status.
Identify the concept: self-schema based on membership in social groups (e.g., race, religion).

Social identity. Derives from group memberships rather than individual traits.
Which term describes an identity based on group memberships (for example, race, religion, team)?

Social identity. Identity derived from belonging to social groups and categories.
Identify Marcia status: a student is questioning majors and careers but has not decided.

Moratorium. High exploration with low commitment indicates active searching.
What is Marcia's identity achievement status?

High commitment after high exploration. Most mature status: explored options then made commitments.
Identify Marcia status: a teen adopts parents' career choice with no active questioning.

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring; typical of parental influence.
What is Erikson's core psychosocial conflict during adolescence ( $12$ – $18$ years)?

Identity vs role confusion. Adolescents struggle between forming identity and experiencing confusion.
What is Mead's "I" component of the self?

The spontaneous, impulsive, agentic part of the self. Represents the creative, unpredictable aspect of the self that responds uniquely to social situations.
What is a psychosocial crisis in Erikson's theory?

A stage-specific conflict whose resolution shapes personality. Each stage presents a developmental challenge to resolve.
What is the definition of self-esteem in the context of identity and self-concept?

Overall evaluation of one's self-worth. Global judgment of personal value and competence.
Identify Marcia status: after exploring, a student commits to a chosen religion and values.

Identity achievement. Both exploration and commitment indicate healthy identity formation.
Identify Marcia status: a teen has tried options and now commits to a chosen path.

Identity achievement. Explored alternatives before making informed commitment.
What does Marcia mean by "commitment" in identity status theory?

Making and adhering to choices about identity-relevant domains. Involves deciding on and investing in specific ideologies, occupations, or relationships for identity stability.
Identify the identity status: A student explored multiple majors and then committed to one.

Identity achievement. Both explored and committed, defining identity achievement.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial crisis during adolescence?

Identity vs role confusion. Adolescents must form a stable identity or face confusion about their role in society.
Which identity status fits: a student actively explores majors but has not chosen one?

Moratorium. Active exploration indicates moratorium status.
What is Erikson's psychosocial crisis in middle adulthood?

Generativity vs stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
Identify the identity status: high exploration and high commitment.

Identity achievement. Both dimensions high indicates successful identity formation.
Identify Marcia status: a student chose medicine because family expects it and has not explored alternatives.

Foreclosure. Low exploration with high commitment suggests accepting others' choices.
Which identity status is described by: "After exploring options, I committed to a career path"?

Identity achievement. Explored thoroughly before making an informed commitment.
Identify the Marcia status: a teen is trying different careers but has not chosen one.

Identity moratorium. Indicates ongoing exploration of options without settling on a specific path, typical of identity searching.
What is the term for learning the norms of a new group after entering it (for example, joining the military)?

Resocialization. Occurs when entering new social environments with different norms.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's late adulthood stage?

Ego integrity vs despair. Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.
Which Marcia identity status is low exploration and high commitment (often adopting others' values)?

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring, often accepting parental values.
What is Erikson's core psychosocial conflict during middle adulthood (approximately ages $40$ – $65$ )?

Generativity vs stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
What is Marcia's moratorium identity status?

High exploration with low commitment. Actively exploring options but hasn't committed yet.
What is the psychosocial crisis of Erikson's young adulthood stage?

Intimacy vs. isolation. Occurs ages 18-40, focusing on forming intimate relationships.
What is Mead's "Me" in the context of the self?

Internalized socialized self; norms and expectations of others. Socialized aspect reflecting others' attitudes toward us.
What is the psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood in Erikson's theory (approximately ages $40$ – $65$ )?

Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
Which identity status best fits: the person adopts parents' career choice without considering alternatives?

Foreclosure. Commits to parents' choice without exploring alternatives.
Which Marcia identity status is high exploration and high commitment?

Identity achievement. Has explored options and made firm identity commitments.
What is Mead's "I" in the context of the self?

Spontaneous, impulsive, agentic component of the self. Creative, unsocialized aspect acting on impulses.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by high exploration and high commitment?

Identity achievement. Person has explored options and made firm commitments.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's adolescence stage?

Identity vs role confusion. Adolescents struggle between developing a unique identity and confusion about their role.
Identify Marcia status: a student has no clear goals and is not exploring options.

Identity diffusion. No exploration or commitment shows lack of identity direction.
What is the difference between the "I" and the "me" in Mead's theory?

"I" is spontaneous self; "me" is socialized self. "I" acts; "me" reflects society's expectations.
Which Marcia identity status is low exploration and low commitment?

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring nor committed to any identity.
What is the definition of personal identity in psychology and sociology?

Individual traits and attributes defining the self. Unique characteristics distinguishing one from others.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's middle adulthood stage (about ages $40$ – $65$ )?

Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
What is the definition of locus of control?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Attribution style for causes of events and outcomes.
What is Erikson's psychosocial crisis in young adulthood?

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk feeling isolated.
What is the main developmental task emphasized during adolescence in identity formation theories?

Exploration and commitment to values, roles, and goals. Adolescents must explore options before committing to adult roles.
What is Cooley's looking-glass self sequence: perception, interpretation, then what final step?

Develop feelings and self-concept based on that appraisal. After imagining others' judgments, we develop emotional responses and self-views.
What is identity achievement in Marcia's identity status model?

Commitment after exploration. Resolved identity crisis through exploration.
Identify the identity status: A student has not considered career options and has not chosen one.

Identity diffusion. Neither exploring nor committed, characteristic of diffusion status.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by exploration and commitment?

Identity achievement. Person has explored options and made firm commitments.
Which concept describes adopting behaviors to match group norms due to real or imagined pressure?

Conformity. Changing behavior to fit in with group expectations.
What is the looking-glass self in Cooley's symbolic interactionist account of identity?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. Develops through imagining how others perceive and evaluate us, shaping our self-image via social feedback.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial crisis during middle adulthood (approximately ages $40$ – $65$ )?

Generativity vs stagnation. Middle-aged adults contribute to society or feel unproductive.
What is the central psychosocial conflict in Erikson's adolescence stage (about ages $12$ – $18$ )?

Identity vs. role confusion. Teens must develop a coherent identity or face confusion about their role in society.
Identify the Marcia status: a teen is uninterested in future plans and makes no choices.

Identity diffusion. Denotes absence of effort in exploring or committing to identity domains, resulting in aimlessness.
What is the core psychosocial task Erikson assigns to adolescence?

Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescents explore who they are versus feeling confused about their role.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial crisis during young adulthood (approximately ages $18$ – $40$ )?

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults seek close relationships or risk emotional isolation.
What is the term for the distress or tension that can occur when identity is being formed or changed?

Identity crisis. Occurs during identity formation or major life transitions.
What is the term for an enduring self-image that includes roles, values, and beliefs?

Identity. Encompasses one's complete sense of self across contexts.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for middle adulthood (40 to 65 years)?

Generativity vs stagnation; virtue = care. Middle adults contribute to society through work and family, fostering care to avoid self-absorption and stagnation.
Which Marcia identity status is low exploration and high commitment (often adopted from others)?

Foreclosure. Committed without exploring, often accepting others' expectations.
Identify the concept: a person's internal sense of who they are, including values and goals, across time.

Self-concept (identity). One's overall understanding of self that remains relatively stable.
What is the definition of identity crisis in Erikson's framework?

A period of intensive exploration of identity options. Active questioning phase before identity commitment.
What is the Erikson crisis and virtue for young adulthood (20 to 40 years)?

Intimacy vs isolation; virtue = love. Young adults build close relationships, cultivating love through mutual intimacy to prevent emotional isolation.
What is self-categorization in the context of social identity?

Classifying oneself as a group member, emphasizing group norms. Process of identifying with a group and adopting its characteristics.
Which stage of Mead's self development involves role-playing specific others (for example, "teacher")?

Play stage. Children imitate specific roles like parent or teacher.
What is the term for Erikson's successful resolution of the adolescent crisis (the gained strength)?

Fidelity. The ability to be faithful to commitments despite contradictions.
What is the term for conflict that occurs when the expectations of two roles are incompatible?

Role conflict. Occurs when different roles have contradictory demands.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by low exploration and low commitment?

Identity diffusion. Person lacks both exploration and commitment.
Identify Marcia's identity status: a student explores majors and has not chosen one yet.

Moratorium. Exploring (yes) but no commitment yet matches moratorium.
What is identity moratorium in Marcia's identity status model?

Exploration without commitment. Actively searching for identity but not yet decided.
What is Marcia's foreclosure identity status?

High commitment with low exploration. Committed without exploring, often adopting others' expectations.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by exploration without commitment?

Moratorium. Person is actively exploring but hasn't made commitments yet.
What is the looking-glass self (Cooley) in identity development?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves as we imagine others see us.
What is identity (ego identity) in Erikson's theory?

A stable self-concept integrating roles, values, and goals. Coherent sense of self formed through resolving developmental crises.
Identify the concept: a person changes behavior to gain approval and avoid rejection by peers.

Normative social influence. Conforming to be liked and accepted by the group.
What is the "psychosocial moratorium" in Erikson's view of adolescence?

A socially supported period for exploration before commitment. Society allows teens time to explore identity without adult responsibilities.
What is Erikson's central psychosocial task in adolescence (approximately ages $12$ – $18$ )?

Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescents must develop a coherent identity or face confusion about their role in society.
What is Marcia's identity status defined by neither exploration nor commitment?

Identity diffusion. Person lacks both exploration and commitment to identity.
Identify the Marcia status: a student is undecided and actively trying different roles and beliefs.

Moratorium. Active exploration phase without settling on choices yet.
What is the primary psychosocial task of Erikson's stage: identity vs role confusion?

Develop a stable identity and sense of self. Success means knowing who you are; failure leads to role confusion.
Which Marcia identity status best matches: "I chose my career because my family expected it"?

Foreclosure. Committed based on others' expectations, not exploration.
What is Marcia's identity diffusion status?

Low exploration and low commitment. Neither exploring options nor making commitments.
Identify the identity status: low exploration and high commitment.

Identity foreclosure. Commits to identity without exploring alternatives.

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