Cultural and Social Influences on Identity (8A) - Psych & Soc

What is the definition of individualism as a cultural pattern shaping identity?

Prioritizing autonomy, personal goals, and independence. Common in Western cultures; self defined individually.
What is social identity theory's core claim about group membership?

Group membership shapes self-concept and motivates in-group bias. People derive self-esteem from group affiliations, favoring their groups.
What is the definition of a social role as used in sociology?

Set of expectations tied to a social position or status. Roles define behavioral patterns associated with positions in society.
What is the definition of socialization as it relates to identity formation?

Process of learning norms, values, roles, and behaviors. Through socialization, individuals internalize society's expectations.
What is the definition of a social norm, and how does it shape identity?

Shared behavioral expectations that guide self-presentation and roles. Norms create shared standards for appropriate behavior.
What is biculturalism, and what does it imply about identity switching?

Maintaining two cultural identities; context-dependent identity expression. Individuals navigate between cultures based on social context.
Identify the concept: a learned, shared way of life shaping identity and behavior.

Culture. The fundamental concept underlying all social identity formation.
What is marginalization as an acculturation outcome relevant to identity?

Low identification with both heritage and dominant cultures. Results in cultural alienation and identity confusion.
What is the "I" component of the self in Mead's theory of identity?

The spontaneous, autonomous, less socialized aspect of the self. Represents creative impulses before social filtering.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Represents collective societal attitudes we internalize.
What is cultural relativism in evaluating identity-related practices?

Judging practices within their cultural context, not by one's own. Evaluates practices by their own cultural standards, not external ones.
What is a master status and why does it matter for identity?

A status that dominates others in shaping social identity. One status (e.g., disability) can overshadow all other identities.
What is ethnocentrism as a cultural influence on identity and judgment?

Judging other cultures by standards of one's own culture. Views other cultures as inferior to one's own.
What is assimilation, and what identity outcome does it predict for immigrants?

Adopting dominant culture; reduced salience of heritage identity over time. Complete cultural replacement results in loss of original cultural identity.
What is an in-group, in social identity terms?

Group one identifies with and feels membership in. Creates sense of belonging and shared identity with "us."
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior toward a group. Prejudice involves beliefs while discrimination involves actions.
Identify the concept: A person internalizes negative stereotypes about their group.

Internalized stigma. Accepting society's negative views about one's own group.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me" in self and identity?

"I" is spontaneous self; "me" is internalized social expectations. Mead's theory explains identity as a dialogue between impulsive actions and socially conditioned responses for adaptive behavior.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "Me"?

I: spontaneous self; Me: internalized social expectations. The I acts freely; the Me conforms to social rules.
What is culture in the sociological sense as used on the MCAT?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective framework that guides group behavior.
What is social identity theory's core claim about group membership and self-esteem?

Group membership forms identity; in-group favoritism boosts esteem. People derive self-worth from positive group comparisons.
What is a master status, and how can it affect identity?

A status that dominates social perception and self-definition. Master status overshadows other identities in social interactions.
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?

Primary: early family; secondary: later institutions and peers. Primary occurs in childhood; secondary continues throughout life.
What is the definition of assimilation as an acculturation outcome?

Adopting host culture while relinquishing original culture. Complete cultural replacement occurs in assimilation.
What is stereotype threat, and what outcome does it tend to produce?

Fear of confirming a stereotype that impairs performance. Anxiety about stereotypes can undermine actual abilities.
What is a social norm, and how does it influence identity expression?

Informal rule for behavior that shapes self-presentation and role behavior. Norms guide expected behaviors in social situations without formal enforcement.
What is cultural relativism when evaluating identity-related behaviors across cultures?

Judging beliefs and practices within their cultural context. Avoids imposing external standards on cultural practices.
What is the definition of the generalized other in Mead's theory?

Internalized norms and expectations of society at large. Represents collective societal attitudes we internalize.
What is cultural relativism?

Evaluating a culture's practices within that culture's context. Avoids bias by understanding practices in their own framework.
What is acculturation in relation to identity among immigrants or minorities?

Adopting aspects of a new culture after contact with another culture. Results from prolonged exposure to different cultural environments.
What is the definition of socialization as it relates to identity development?

Learning norms and roles through interaction with society. Process of acquiring cultural knowledge through social experiences.
What is ethnocentrism as a cultural influence on how people judge other identities?

Evaluating other cultures using one's own culture as the standard. Bias viewing one's own culture as superior to all others.
What is the definition of out-group in social identity theory?

Group perceived as different from one's in-group. Distinction creates us-versus-them categorization.
What is acculturation (distinct from assimilation)?

Adopting elements of a new culture while retaining original culture. Partial cultural adoption allows maintaining dual identities.
What is assimilation as an acculturation strategy?

Adopt new culture while relinquishing original culture. Full adoption of new culture, abandoning original cultural identity.
What is the definition of a value, and how does it influence identity-related choices?

Culturally defined standards of what is important or desirable. Values serve as guiding principles for decisions and priorities.
What is the looking-glass self in Cooley's theory?

Self-concept formed by imagining others' judgments of oneself. We see ourselves through how we think others perceive us.
What is assimilation in the context of immigrant identity formation?

Adopting host culture while relinquishing original cultural identity. Complete cultural replacement, often across generations.
What is the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept formed by imagining others' judgments. Cooley theorized we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the "me" component of the self in Mead's theory of identity?

The internalized social expectations and norms guiding behavior. Represents society's voice within our self-concept.
What is the definition of a reference group in shaping identity and behavior?

Group used as a standard for self-evaluation and norms. Provides behavioral benchmarks for comparison and conformity.
Identify the concept: A person holds two conflicting cultural identities creating stress.

Bicultural identity conflict. Occurs when values from two cultures clash within one person.
What is the difference between norms and values in a culture?

Norms are expected behaviors; values are ideals and priorities. Norms guide actions while values represent underlying beliefs.
Which term describes stress from navigating between cultural identities or norms?

Acculturative stress. Stress arises from conflicting cultural expectations.
What is in-group bias as a social influence on identity and intergroup behavior?

Favoring one's in-group over out-groups in judgment and behavior. Enhances self-esteem by elevating in-group status.
What is the definition of an interdependent self-construal?

Identity defined by relationships, roles, and group membership. Self-concept emphasizes social connections and harmony.
What is the looking-glass self as a mechanism linking society to identity?

Self-concept shaped by perceptions of how others view and judge us. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the definition of stigma, and what is its effect on identity?

Discrediting attribute that can lead to devalued social identity. Stigmatized individuals face social rejection and discrimination.
What is the definition of stereotype threat?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a stereotype. Anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes hinders performance.
What is a mores (as opposed to a folkway) in cultural norms and identity regulation?

Norm with strong moral significance; violation brings strong sanctions. Mores enforce core societal values tied to identity, with violations eliciting severe disapproval to maintain moral order.
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior. Prejudice is internal bias; discrimination is external action.
What is the definition of collectivism as a cultural pattern shaping identity?

Prioritizing group goals and interdependence over individual goals. Common in Eastern cultures; self defined through group.
Identify the concept: A person is both a manager and a friend, and the expectations clash.

Role conflict. Manager and friend roles have incompatible expectations.
What is the "I" versus the "Me" in Mead's theory of the self?

"I" is spontaneous self; "Me" is internalized social expectations. Mead distinguished impulsive desires from socialized responses.
What is multiculturalism as an outcome of cultural contact?

Coexistence of distinct cultural identities within one society. Multiple cultures maintain separate identities in multicultural societies.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves as we believe others see us, like a reflection in a mirror.
What is the definition of individualism versus collectivism as cultural dimensions of identity?

Individualism: autonomy; collectivism: group goals and interdependence. Cultural orientations shape self-concept as independent vs connected.
What is socialization, and how does it influence personal identity?

Lifelong internalization of norms and roles that shapes the self. Through socialization, individuals learn and adopt society's expectations.
What is cultural relativism, and how does it frame identity differences?

Evaluating practices within their cultural context rather than one's own. Avoids bias by understanding behaviors in their original cultural framework.
Identify the concept: A person changes behavior to match group norms to be accepted.

Conformity. Social pressure drives behavioral alignment with group standards.
What is the definition of a social identity?

Self-concept derived from membership in social groups. Group memberships shape how individuals define themselves.
What is role conflict?

Tension from incompatible demands of two or more roles. Example: being a student and employee with conflicting schedules.
Identify the concept: adopting dominant culture while keeping original culture strongly.

Integration (multiculturalism). Maintains both cultures equally, unlike assimilation.
Which concept describes favoring one's own group over an out-group?

In-group bias. People systematically prefer their own group members.
What is multiculturalism (pluralism) in the context of identity and society?

Coexistence of distinct cultures with equal social value. Promotes diversity rather than cultural homogenization.
What is labeling theory's main idea about deviance and identity?

Deviance is shaped by social reactions and internalized labels. Being labeled deviant can lead to adopting that identity.
What is ethnocentrism as it relates to interpreting other cultures and identities?

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentrism biases identity perceptions by imposing one's cultural lens, potentially leading to misunderstandings of diverse groups.
What is acculturation, and how does it differ from assimilation?

Adopting some host traits while retaining original culture. Acculturation blends cultures; assimilation replaces one.
What is a master status in sociology, and how does it affect identity?

A status that dominates social identity and others' perceptions. Overshadows other identities (e.g., disability, celebrity).
Identify the term: A person changes behavior to match group norms to fit in.

Conformity. Changing behavior to align with group expectations.
What is ethnocentrism, and how can it influence identity judgments?

Viewing one's culture as superior; judging others by own standards. This bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
What is marginalization in acculturation theory regarding cultural identity?

Rejecting both heritage culture and host culture. Results in cultural isolation from both origin and host groups.
Identify the process: adopting behaviors of a group to gain acceptance and identity.

Conformity. Changing behavior to match group norms for belonging and identity.
What is social identity theory?

Self-concept partly derives from group memberships and comparisons. Tajfel's theory links personal identity to social categories.
What is assimilation in acculturation theory as it relates to immigrant identity?

Adopting host culture while discarding heritage culture. Complete cultural replacement strategy in immigrant adaptation.
What is the definition of culture in the context of social influences on identity?

Shared beliefs, norms, values, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that guide group behavior.
What is resocialization?

Replacing old norms with new ones, often in total institutions. Strips away old identity to build a completely new one.
Which concept describes overlapping social identities shaping unique experiences?

Intersectionality. Multiple identities (race, gender, class) interact to create distinct experiences.
What is a social role, and how does it connect status to identity?

Behavioral expectations tied to a status that shape self-definition. Roles provide scripts for behavior associated with social positions.
What is culture in sociology, as it relates to identity formation?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices shaping group life. Culture provides the framework through which individuals develop their sense of self.
Identify the concept: "Deriving self-esteem from membership in an in-group."

Social identity theory. Tajfel's theory: group membership enhances personal self-worth.
What is the definition of a social role as it shapes identity within groups and institutions?

Set of expectations for behavior tied to a social status. Social roles define identity by linking behavioral expectations to positions, influencing interactions in various social contexts.
What is the definition of stereotype threat?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a stereotype. Awareness of stereotypes can harm performance.
What is socialization, and which agents most strongly shape identity across life?

Internalizing culture via family, peers, school, media, and institutions. Lifelong process transmitting cultural values through social institutions.
What is the definition of a social role in sociology?

Set of expected behaviors tied to a social status. Roles define behavioral patterns associated with positions.
What is a status, and what is the difference between ascribed and achieved status?

Status is social position; ascribed is assigned, achieved is earned. Ascribed statuses are inherited; achieved are worked for.
Which term describes internalizing negative messages about one's own group?

Internalized oppression. Accepting and believing negative stereotypes about one's own social group.
What is Cooley's key claim about social interaction and identity formation?

The self develops through imagining others' views of us. Cooley's concept underscores that identity is socially constructed through perceived external evaluations, integral to symbolic interactionism.
What does the term master status mean in identity and social interaction?

Status that dominates others in shaping social identity. One status can overshadow all others in defining identity.
What is a taboo in cultural norms and social control of identity-related behavior?

A norm prohibiting a behavior strongly condemned by society. Taboos preserve cultural identity by strongly prohibiting actions deemed morally unacceptable, reinforcing group boundaries.
What is the definition of acculturation in cultural identity change?

Adopting aspects of a new culture after contact. Process of cultural change through sustained contact between groups.
What is separation as an acculturation strategy?

Maintain original culture and avoid host culture. Rejecting new culture to preserve original cultural identity.
What is the definition of an independent self-construal?

Identity defined by personal traits, preferences, and achievements. Self-concept emphasizes uniqueness and personal attributes.
What is culture as used in MCAT sociology (influence on identity and behavior)?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. This definition highlights culture's role in shaping identity through collective elements that influence behavior and social interactions.
What is a social norm, and how can it influence identity expression?

Shared rule of behavior that shapes acceptable self-presentation. Norms define appropriate conduct, constraining identity expression.
What is a reference group?

Group used as a standard for self-evaluation and identity. People compare themselves to this group to shape their identity.
What is biculturalism?

Maintaining two cultural identities and switching by context. Code-switching between cultures based on social situations.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory of the self?

Internalized societal expectations used to guide behavior and identity. Represents collective social attitudes internalized during development.
What is the definition of the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Society's collective expectations become internal guides.
What is the definition of culture in the sociological sense?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that define a society.
What is stereotype threat in the context of performance and identity?

Performance impairment due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Awareness of stereotypes can paradoxically worsen performance.
What is an agent of socialization?

Social institution that transmits norms and values. These institutions shape how individuals learn cultural expectations.
What is the difference between the "I" and the "me" in Mead's theory?

"I" is spontaneous self; "me" is internalized social expectations. Mead distinguished impulsive self from socialized self.
What is the "looking-glass self" theory of identity?

Self-concept forms from perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves reflected in others' reactions.
What is the definition of the looking-glass self?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. We see ourselves through how we think others see us.
What is the definition of culture in MCAT social science terms?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices transmitted socially. Culture encompasses the learned patterns that guide group behavior.
What is the definition of a stereotype, and why is it relevant to social identity?

Overgeneralized belief about a group that shapes expectations of members. Cognitive shortcuts that bias perceptions of group members.
Which self-construal is emphasized in collectivist cultures: independent or interdependent?

Interdependent self-construal. Collectivist cultures emphasize relational self-definition.
What is separation in acculturation theory, and what identity pattern does it imply?

Rejecting host culture while maintaining heritage culture. Preserves original identity while avoiding mainstream culture.
What is a sanction, and what are the two main types?

Response to behavior; positive (reward) or negative (punishment). Society enforces norms through rewards and punishments.
What is stigma, and how can it influence identity and behavior?

A devalued attribute that can lead to discrimination and concealment. Stigmatized individuals may hide traits to avoid negative treatment.
Identify the concept: a person changes behavior to match group norms to belong.

Normative social influence. Conformity driven by desire for acceptance rather than accuracy.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "Me"?

I: spontaneous self; Me: internalized social expectations. The I acts freely; the Me conforms to social rules.
Identify the concept: A person adopts a belief because they think the group is correct.

Informational social influence. Informational influence affects identity by adopting group views for accuracy, particularly in uncertain scenarios.
What is intersectionality in understanding culturally and socially shaped identity?

Overlapping identities create unique experiences of advantage/disadvantage. Multiple identities interact to shape distinct social positions.
Identify the concept: unequal outcomes persist due to normalized rules and practices, not individual bias.

Institutional (structural) discrimination. Systems perpetuate inequality without conscious prejudice.
Which concept explains adopting behaviors or beliefs to match a group to gain acceptance?

Conformity. Social pressure drives individuals to align with group norms.
What is the definition of in-group in social identity theory?

Group with which an individual identifies and feels membership. Shared identity creates psychological belonging and loyalty.
What is biculturalism (or integration) as an acculturation outcome?

Maintaining heritage culture while participating in dominant culture. Balances two cultural identities without losing either one.
What is the definition of prejudice, and how is it distinct from discrimination?

Prejudice: attitudes; discrimination: behaviors/actions. Prejudice involves beliefs; discrimination involves unfair treatment.
What is social identity theory's core claim about group membership and identity?

Self-concept derives partly from in-group membership and comparison. Groups provide meaning and enhance self-esteem through belonging.
Identify the concept: attributing one's negative feelings to an out-group target.

Scapegoat theory. Blaming out-groups for frustrations to preserve positive self-identity.
What is the definition of a social role in the context of culture and identity?

Expected behaviors associated with a particular social position. Roles define position-specific behavioral expectations in society.
What is role conflict in identity-related role performance across statuses?

Incompatible demands between two or more roles. Role conflict impacts identity by creating tension from overlapping role demands, requiring prioritization across statuses.
What is a more (as opposed to a folkway)?

Strong moral norm; violation brings severe sanctions. Mores reflect deeply held values; breaking them causes outrage.
What does Social Identity Theory predict about in-groups and out-groups?

In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination tendencies. People naturally favor their own groups over others.
What is the looking-glass self, and how does it influence identity?

Self-concept formed from perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves through others' eyes.
What is the definition of a subculture, and how can it shape identity?

Group within a culture with distinct norms/values influencing identity. Smaller cultural unit creates unique identity within larger society.
What is the difference between mores and folkways?

Mores are morally significant norms; folkways are everyday customs. Mores carry moral weight; folkways are routine conventions.
What is a master status?

Status that dominates others and shapes social identity most strongly. Often becomes the primary lens through which others view you.
What is the difference between ingroup and outgroup?

Ingroup: "us" group; outgroup: "them" group. This distinction drives favoritism and discrimination behaviors.
What is the definition of ethnocentrism in evaluating other cultures?

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture. Bias that views one's culture as superior to others.
What is enculturation (and how does it differ from socialization) in identity formation?

Learning one's own culture; a specific form of socialization. Enculturation specifically focuses on acquiring one's native culture, distinguishing it as a subset of broader socialization processes in identity development.
What is acculturation in the context of immigrants' identity development?

Adopting aspects of a new culture while retaining original culture. Blends new cultural elements with heritage culture identity.
What is culture in the sociological sense as used on the MCAT?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that guide group behavior.
What is stereotype threat as a social influence on performance and identity in evaluative settings?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Stereotype threat undermines identity and performance by inducing anxiety over fulfilling negative group stereotypes in assessed situations.
What is a social role, and why does it matter for identity?

A set of expected behaviors tied to a status; guides self-concept. Roles provide behavioral scripts that shape how we see ourselves.
Identify the concept: A person adopts a behavior to gain approval and avoid rejection.

Normative social influence. Conformity motivated by desire for social acceptance and belonging.
What is the difference between a norm and a value?

Norm: expected behavior; value: belief about what is desirable. Norms guide actions; values guide judgments of good/bad.
Identify the concept: "Adopting the behaviors of a group to gain acceptance."

Conformity. Changing behavior to match group norms for social acceptance.
What is stereotype threat, and what identity-linked outcome does it typically affect?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes creates self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is an ascribed status?

Social position assigned at birth or involuntarily assumed. Examples include race, sex, or family background.
What is the key difference between descriptive and injunctive norms?

Descriptive: what is done; injunctive: what is approved. Descriptive shows typical behavior; injunctive shows approved behavior.
What is the definition of counterculture in relation to mainstream identity norms?

Subculture that rejects and opposes dominant cultural values. Active resistance creates identity through cultural opposition.
What is the definition of role-taking in identity development?

Adopting another person's perspective to guide the self. Understanding situations by imagining oneself in another's position.
Identify the concept: A student alters behavior to fit a new workplace culture over time.

Socialization. The student is adapting to new cultural norms through learning.
What is the difference between norms and values?

Norms are rules for behavior; values are ideals about what matters. Norms guide actions; values guide judgments of importance.
What is acculturation in terms of cultural influence on identity in a new society?

Adopting traits of a new culture after contact or migration. Acculturation involves selective adoption of new cultural elements, impacting identity reformation in multicultural contexts.
What is the definition of a social role in sociology and identity formation?

Expected behaviors associated with a given social position. Society prescribes specific behaviors for different positions.
What is the definition of separation as an acculturation outcome?

Maintaining original culture while rejecting host culture. Preserving heritage culture while avoiding new culture.
What is the definition of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Belief elicits behavior that makes the belief come true. Expectations can create the reality they predict.
What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture?

Material: objects; nonmaterial: ideas, values, norms. Material culture is tangible; nonmaterial culture is abstract.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in social identity contexts?

Expectation elicits behavior that makes the expectation come true. Others' expectations shape behavior, creating the expected reality.
What is the definition of a social status, and what are its two main types?

Position in society; ascribed status and achieved status. Status can be inherited (ascribed) or earned (achieved).
What is the definition of ethnocentrism?

Judging other cultures by one's own cultural standards. Viewing other cultures as inferior to one's own.
What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture?

Material: physical objects; nonmaterial: ideas, values, norms, symbols. Material culture is tangible; nonmaterial culture consists of abstract concepts.
Identify the concept: A person adopts a behavior because they believe the group is correct.

Informational social influence. Conformity driven by assumption that group has better knowledge.
What is a folkway (as opposed to a more)?

Informal norm; violation brings mild social disapproval. Breaking folkways results in minor consequences like odd looks.
Which option best describes stereotype threat: performance changes due to what factor?

Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. Fear of fulfilling stereotypes can impair performance.
What is Mead's distinction between the "I" and the "me"?

"I" is spontaneous self; "me" is internalized social self. Mead divides self into acting subject (I) and socialized object (me).
What is the definition of a social norm, and how does it relate to identity expression?

Informal rules for behavior that guide acceptable self-presentation. Norms regulate behavior through shared expectations of appropriateness.
What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status?

Ascribed is assigned at birth; achieved is earned by actions. Ascribed statuses are involuntary; achieved statuses require effort.
What is the definition of culture in the sociological sense?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that define group identity.
What is a symbol in cultural sociology, and why is it central to identity?

Shared meaning marker (word/gesture/object) used to communicate identity. Symbols convey cultural meanings and facilitate group identification.
What is a reference group and how does it influence identity?

Group used for comparison that shapes self-evaluation and behavior. We measure ourselves against reference groups' standards.
What is stereotype threat, and what does it predict about performance and identity?

Anxiety about confirming a stereotype; can impair performance and belonging. Fear of fulfilling negative stereotypes creates stress that undermines ability.
What is the definition of a value in cultural psychology and sociology?

Culturally shared standard of what is desirable or important. Values guide behavior by defining what society considers good.
What is social identity theory and its core claim about group membership?

Self-concept partly derives from group membership and comparison. Group affiliations fundamentally shape how we see ourselves.
What is enculturation as a cultural influence on identity?

Learning one's culture through socialization from childhood. Process begins in infancy through family and community interactions.
What is the looking-glass self theory?

Self-concept forms from perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory emphasizes how others' reactions shape self-image.
What is the definition of socialization in sociology?

Process of learning norms, values, roles, and behaviors. Through socialization, individuals internalize society's expectations.
What is stereotype threat in the context of identity and performance?

Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes can undermine actual performance.
What is the definition of culture in MCAT sociology and psychology contexts?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective framework that guides group behavior.
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?

Collectivist: group-centered; individualist: autonomy-centered. Collectivists prioritize harmony; individualists value independence.
Which concept best describes changing behavior to match different social contexts?

Code-switching. Adapting language, behavior, or style to fit different groups.
Which concept describes unequal treatment due to group membership within institutions?

Institutional discrimination. Systemic bias embedded in organizational practices.
What is the definition of stereotype threat as it affects identity and performance?

Performance impairment due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes can create self-fulfilling prophecy.
Identify the concept: A person changes behavior to match a group to gain acceptance.

Normative social influence. Normative influence shapes identity through conformity for social approval, as seen in group pressure dynamics.
What does Cooley's looking-glass self predict when perceived evaluation is negative?

Lower self-esteem and self-concept consistent with that evaluation. Negative perceived judgments damage self-worth.
What is the definition of socialization in the context of identity formation?

Process of learning norms, values, and roles of a society. Through socialization, individuals internalize cultural expectations.
What is ethnocentrism, and what is its typical effect on identity views?

Judging other cultures by one's own; elevates in-group standards. Viewing one's culture as superior can reinforce group boundaries.
What is marginalization as an acculturation strategy?

Connection to neither original culture nor host culture. Losing both cultures, resulting in cultural alienation.
What is in-group bias?

Systematic preference for one's in-group over out-groups. Tendency to view one's group more positively than others.
Identify the concept: adopting beliefs because the group is assumed to be correct.

Informational social influence. Conformity based on believing others have better information.
What is the definition of culture in sociological terms?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that define a social group.
What is social identity theory's core idea about group membership and self-concept?

Self-concept partly derives from in-group membership and comparison. Social identity theory explains how group affiliations contribute to self-esteem and identity via intergroup comparisons.
What is reference group theory in relation to identity and self-evaluation?

People compare themselves to groups that set norms for evaluation. Groups provide standards for self-assessment and behavior.
What is a folkway in cultural norms, and how is it typically enforced?

Everyday norm; violation brings mild social disapproval. Folkways regulate routine behaviors influencing identity through informal social pressures rather than formal punishments.
What is assimilation as an outcome of cultural contact?

Adopting dominant culture while losing original cultural identity. Complete cultural replacement occurs through assimilation.
What is an out-group, in social identity terms?

Group viewed as different from one's own group. Often perceived as "them" in contrast to one's in-group.
Which concept best explains favoring one's in-group to boost self-esteem?

Social identity theory. Theory explains how group membership enhances self-worth.
What is the definition of cultural relativism?

Evaluating a culture by its own norms and context. Understanding cultures within their own frameworks.
What is assimilation as a process of cultural change?

Adopting the dominant culture, often reducing distinct heritage traits. Full cultural replacement, unlike partial acculturation.
What is stereotype threat, and what outcome does it most directly cause?

Anxiety about confirming stereotypes that lowers performance. Fear of confirming stereotypes creates stress that impairs performance.
What is socialization in the context of identity formation?

Internalization of culture through interaction with social agents. Process where individuals learn and adopt cultural patterns from others.
What is ethnocentrism, and what is its typical effect on out-group identity?

Judging others by one's culture; increases stereotyping and exclusion. Viewing one's culture as superior leads to prejudice against outsiders.
What is integration (biculturalism) in acculturation theory for identity development?

Maintaining heritage culture while also adopting host culture. Dual cultural competence balances heritage and host identities.
What is Cooley's looking-glass self sequence in one phrase?

Imagine appearance, imagine judgment, develop self-feelings. This three-step process explains how social interactions build identity.
What is the definition of the generalized other in Mead's theory?

Internalized societal expectations used to guide behavior. Represents society's collective attitudes within the self.
What is role conflict, and how does it differ from role strain?

Incompatible demands between roles; strain is within one role. Conflict arises between different roles; strain occurs within the same role.
What is the difference between society and culture when analyzing identity formation?

Society is people/institutions; culture is shared meanings/practices. Society is the structure; culture is the content that fills it.
What is the definition of a social norm relevant to cultural influences on identity?

Shared expectations for acceptable behavior in a group. Social norms guide identity by establishing behavioral standards that foster group cohesion and individual conformity.
What is social identity theory in the context of identity formation?

Identity partly derives from group memberships and in-group favoritism. People derive self-worth from their group affiliations and favor their own groups.
What is cultural relativism, and how does it frame identity differences?

Evaluating practices within their cultural context, not one's own. Avoids imposing external standards when understanding identities.
What is socialization as a social influence on identity development?

Internalizing norms, roles, and values through social interaction. Lifelong process shaping identity through social learning.
What is the looking-glass self, and how does it link society to self-concept?

Self-concept forms from perceived judgments of others. Cooley's theory: we see ourselves reflected in others' reactions.
What is cultural relativism as a corrective to ethnocentrism in understanding identity?

Evaluating a culture by its own standards and context. Cultural relativism fosters objective understanding of identity by considering practices within their unique cultural frameworks.
What is the definition of assimilation in the context of minority identity?

Adopting dominant culture while reducing original cultural traits. Complete cultural replacement, often losing original identity.
Identify the concept: A person feels tension balancing parenting demands within that role.

Role strain. Multiple demands within the parent role create tension.
Which term best describes adopting dominant cultural norms while losing heritage culture: assimilation, integration, or separation?

Assimilation. Full cultural replacement defines assimilation.
What is a master status, and how does it affect identity and social interaction?

A status that dominates others in shaping identity and treatment. A master status overrides other identities, determining primary social perceptions and interactions in hierarchical contexts.
What is a taboo in cultural sociology?

A strongly prohibited behavior that evokes disgust or moral outrage. Violating taboos triggers strong social condemnation.
What is role strain in identity-related role performance?

Stress from competing demands within a single role. Role strain arises from internal role complexities, affecting identity stability and performance in singular social positions.
What is the definition of a social norm relevant to identity expression?

Shared expectation for appropriate behavior in a group. Unwritten rules that guide how group members should act.
What is role strain?

Stress from competing demands within a single social role. Example: a teacher struggling with grading vs. mentoring duties.
What is socialization, and what is its primary role in identity formation?

Learning norms/roles; it shapes behavior and self-concept. Process of internalizing society's expectations throughout life.
What is assimilation as an acculturation outcome affecting identity?

Replacing heritage culture with the dominant culture. Complete cultural replacement often occurs over generations.
What is culture in sociology and psychology as used on the MCAT?

Shared beliefs, norms, values, practices, and symbols of a group. Culture encompasses all learned aspects that define a social group.
What is integration (biculturalism) as an acculturation strategy?

Maintain original culture while adopting host culture. Balancing both cultures, creating a bicultural identity.
What is the definition of self-fulfilling prophecy in social identity contexts?

Expectation elicits behavior that makes the expectation true. Others' expectations influence behavior to confirm those expectations.
What is an achieved status?

Social position earned through choices, actions, or accomplishments. Examples include education level, occupation, or skills.
What is the definition of cultural capital in shaping identity and status?

Nonfinancial assets (knowledge, style) valued by society. Bourdieu's concept of cultural knowledge conferring status and power.
What is ethnocentrism, and how does it bias identity judgments?

Viewing one's culture as superior and using it as the standard. Judging others by one's own cultural standards creates bias.
What is assimilation in the context of immigration and identity?

Adopting the dominant culture while losing original culture. Results in complete cultural replacement and identity change.
What is the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism and identity development?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others. The looking-glass self theory posits that identity emerges from reflected appraisals, emphasizing social feedback in self-formation.
What is ethnocentrism?

Judging other cultures by one's own culture as the standard. Belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
Identify the concept: a person changes behavior to match group norms to be accepted.

Normative social influence. Conforming to gain social approval, not information.
What is the definition of ascribed status?

Status assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life. Examples include race, sex, or family background.
What is the definition of cultural relativism in understanding identity and behavior?

Evaluating a culture using that culture's own standards. Avoids bias by understanding cultures within their context.
Which agent of socialization most strongly shapes early language and basic norms?

Family. Primary socialization occurs through family interaction from birth.
What is the distinction between ascribed status and achieved status?

Ascribed is assigned at birth; achieved is earned later. Birth determines ascribed status; effort determines achieved status.
What is the definition of integration (biculturalism) as an acculturation outcome?

Maintaining original culture while also adopting host culture. Successfully balancing two cultural identities.
Identify the term: A person publicly agrees with a group but privately disagrees.

Compliance. Outward agreement without genuine belief change.
What is cultural relativism in evaluating beliefs and practices?

Evaluating a culture's practices within its own cultural context. Avoids imposing external cultural standards on others.
Identify the term: A person adopts a belief because they think the group is correct.

Internalization. True acceptance occurs when group seems credible.
What is a total institution?

Institution controlling most aspects of life (work, sleep, social). Examples include prisons, military boot camps, and monasteries.
What is integration (biculturalism) as an acculturation strategy affecting identity?

Maintaining heritage culture while participating in dominant culture. Balances both cultural identities without losing either.
What is the definition of acculturation as a cultural influence on identity?

Cultural change from continuous contact between groups. Mutual influence occurs when cultures interact over time.
What is the definition of social capital as it relates to identity outcomes?

Resources gained through social networks and connections. Benefits from relationships and network membership.
What is the difference between enculturation and acculturation?

Enculturation: own culture; acculturation: adopt new culture traits. Enculturation is first culture learning; acculturation is secondary.
What is cultural relativism as an approach to understanding identity and behavior?

Evaluating a culture by its own standards and context. Avoids bias by using culture-specific criteria.
What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status?

Ascribed is assigned at birth; achieved is earned later. Birth determines ascribed (race, sex); effort creates achieved (doctor).
What is the definition of a master status?

Status that dominates a person's social identity in context. One status can overshadow all others in defining identity.
What is multiculturalism (pluralism) as an approach to cultural identity in a society?

Multiple cultures coexist with maintained distinct identities. Multiculturalism promotes identity preservation by allowing diverse groups to retain unique cultural traits within a shared society.
What is stereotype threat as a situational influence on identity and performance?

Impaired performance due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes becomes self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is cultural relativism, and how does it change interpretation of identity behaviors?

Judging practices within their cultural context rather than one's own. Avoids bias by understanding behaviors in their cultural framework.
What is the difference between material culture and symbolic culture?

Material: physical objects; symbolic: ideas, language, meanings. Material is tangible; symbolic is conceptual and meaningful.
What is socialization in the context of cultural and social influences on identity?

Process of internalizing culture and learning social roles. Socialization forms identity by transmitting cultural knowledge and expectations, enabling individuals to function within society.
What is the definition of marginalization as an acculturation outcome?

Rejecting both original culture and host culture. Loss of connection to both cultures leads to isolation.
What is assimilation, and how does it differ from acculturation?

Assimilation replaces original culture; acculturation does not. Complete cultural replacement versus selective cultural blending.
What is status in sociology, and how does it relate to identity?

A social position that helps define roles and self-concept. Status locates us in social hierarchy, shaping expectations and identity.
What is a value, and how does it differ from a norm?

Value: ideal belief; norm: behavioral rule reflecting a value. Values are abstract principles; norms are concrete behavioral expectations.
What is assimilation as a cultural process affecting identity?

Replacing original cultural traits with dominant culture traits. Assimilation leads to identity shifts by prioritizing dominant cultural norms over original ones, often in immigrant experiences.
What is identity salience in role identity theory?

The likelihood a given identity is activated across situations. Higher salience means that identity is more readily expressed.
What is ethnocentrism as a bias that can distort identity judgments?

Viewing one's own culture as superior or as the standard. Creates bias by using own culture as universal benchmark.
What is the definition of a reference group for identity and behavior?

Group used as a standard for self-evaluation and norms. Groups we compare ourselves to for attitudes, values, and behaviors.
What is in-group bias, as explained by social identity theory?

Preference for one's own group over out-groups. Favoritism emerges from desire to maintain positive group identity.
What is the definition of the generalized other in symbolic interactionism?

Internalized societal norms used to guide behavior. Mead's concept of society's collective attitudes that individuals internalize.
What is a social role, and how does it relate to identity?

Expected behaviors tied to a status that shape self-concept. Roles provide behavioral scripts that influence identity.
What is the definition of intersectionality in identity research?

Overlapping identities create unique patterns of advantage/disadvantage. Multiple identities interact to shape experiences.
What is the definition of a social norm, and how is it different from a law?

Informal behavioral expectation; not formally enforced by state. Social pressure enforces norms; legal system enforces laws.
What is the definition of in-group and out-group in social identity theory?

In-group: "us"; out-group: "them" used for social categorization. This distinction creates boundaries for group membership.
What is a master status?

A status that dominates social identity across contexts. Often overshadows other statuses in social interactions.
What is anticipatory socialization?

Adopting behaviors of a future role before entering it. Prepares individuals by practicing expected future behaviors.
What is identity as used in social psychology and sociology on the MCAT?

Self-concept shaped by personal traits and group memberships. Identity integrates individual characteristics with social affiliations.
What is the definition of achieved status?

Status earned through choices, actions, or accomplishments. Examples include education level, occupation, or skills.
What is self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of identity and labels?

Expectations elicit behaviors that make the expectations come true. Others' beliefs about us can shape our behavior to match them.
What is the looking-glass self in symbolic interactionism?

Self-concept formed by imagining others' judgments of oneself. Cooley's concept shows how perceived reactions shape self-image.
What is role strain, and what identity-relevant condition does it describe?

Stress from competing demands within a single role. Occurs when one role has conflicting expectations (e.g., teacher as friend/authority).
What is the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

Individualistic: autonomy; collectivistic: group interdependence. Cultures emphasize either personal independence or group harmony.
What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status?

Ascribed: assigned at birth; achieved: earned through actions. Birth determines ascribed status; effort creates achieved status.
Identify the concept: A person changes behavior to match group norms to fit in.

Conformity. Social pressure leads individuals to align with group expectations.
What is the definition of culture in sociology and psychology for MCAT identity questions?

Shared beliefs, norms, values, and practices of a group. Culture encompasses the collective mental programming of a social group.
What is stigma in Goffman's sense, and what does it do to identity?

Discrediting attribute that devalues a person socially. Stigma marks someone as deviant, damaging their social identity.
What is separation as an acculturation strategy that shapes identity?

Maintaining heritage culture while avoiding the dominant culture. Preserves original identity by limiting mainstream interaction.
What is a social role as it relates to identity?

Set of expected behaviors tied to a social status. Roles prescribe how to act based on one's position in society.
Identify the concept: Favoring one's in-group and derogating an out-group to boost self-esteem.

In-group bias. In-group bias enhances identity and self-worth by promoting favoritism toward one's group in social identity processes.
What is a social norm?

Shared expectation for appropriate behavior in a group. Norms guide members on how to act within their society.
What is the definition of reference group, and why does it matter for identity?

Group used for self-evaluation and norms for comparison. People compare themselves to reference groups for identity formation.
What is socialization as a mechanism by which culture shapes identity?

Internalization of norms and roles through social interaction. Process where individuals learn and adopt their culture's patterns.
What is the generalized other in Mead's theory, and what does it do?

Internalized sense of societal norms used to guide behavior. Represents society's collective attitudes that individuals internalize.
Identify the term: a threat of confirming a negative group stereotype impairs performance.

Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotypes can create anxiety that fulfills them.
What is culture in the context of identity formation in psychology and sociology?

Shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices transmitted across generations. Culture encompasses the collective patterns that define group identity.
What is culture in sociology as it relates to identity formation?

Shared beliefs, norms, values, and practices shaping behavior and identity. Culture provides the framework through which individuals understand themselves and others.
What is a social norm?

Shared expectation for behavior within a group or society. Norms guide appropriate conduct in social situations.
What is a reference group, and how does it influence identity?

Group used for comparison; it shapes norms, values, and self-view. We evaluate ourselves against reference group standards.
What is the difference between a social role and a social norm?

Role: expected behavior in a status; norm: shared rule/expectation. Roles are position-specific behaviors; norms apply broadly.
What is the definition of biculturalism as an identity outcome?

Maintaining two cultural identities and functioning in both. Successfully navigates between two cultural contexts.
What is the generalized other in Mead's social development theory?

Internalized societal norms used to guide one's behavior. Represents society's collective expectations within us.

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