Observational Learning and Modeling (7C) - Psych & Soc

What does the attention process refer to in observational learning?

Noticing the model's behavior and relevant cues. Attention is the initial step where observers must focus on the model's actions to encode relevant information for learning.
Identify the correct prediction: a child sees a model praised for sharing; what happens to sharing?

Sharing increases via vicarious reinforcement. Positive consequences for model encourage observer imitation.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: similar to the observer or dissimilar?

Similar to the observer. Observers more likely to imitate models they identify with.
Identify the term for learning that a behavior is possible but not performing it yet.

Latent learning. Knowledge exists but remains hidden until motivation arises.
What does the reproduction process refer to in observational learning?

Ability to perform the observed behavior. Physical and cognitive capacity enables behavioral execution.
What is inhibition in observational learning?

Reduced behavior after observing negative consequences. Suppression occurs when observing leads to avoidance.
What is disinhibition in observational learning?

Increased behavior after seeing it go unpunished or rewarded. Previously suppressed behaviors emerge when seen as acceptable.
Identify the term for learning that occurs without immediate behavioral performance.

Latent learning. Knowledge exists but isn't demonstrated until motivated.
Which observational learning process involves the physical ability to perform the behavior?

Reproduction. Requires motor skills to physically perform the observed action.
Which process is most impaired when an observer forgets the sequence of actions after watching a model?

Retention. Memory failure prevents later behavioral reproduction.
Which option best fits observational learning: behavior changes after watching consequences for another person?

Vicarious conditioning (learning from others' outcomes). Encompasses both reinforcement and punishment learned through observation.
What is the Bobo doll experiment best known for demonstrating?

Children imitate observed aggressive behavior. Bandura's classic study showed modeling of aggression without direct reinforcement.
Identify the correct term: learning a behavior by watching, without performing it during learning.

Observational learning. No direct practice needed; learning occurs through observation alone.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and operant conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct reinforcement. Learning occurs without personally experiencing consequences of the behavior.
What does the motivation process refer to in observational learning?

Having incentive or expectation of benefit to imitate the behavior. Desire to perform depends on expected outcomes or rewards.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task. Confidence in performing specific behaviors influences motivation to attempt them.
Identify the term for belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task.

Self-efficacy. Confidence in capability affects performance attempts.
Which option best describes the reproduction process in observational learning?

Having the ability to physically and cognitively enact the behavior. Third step: requires physical/mental capacity to perform the behavior.
What is inhibition in observational learning?

Reduced behavior after seeing a model punished for it. Witnessing negative outcomes creates avoidance learning.
Identify the concept: a child imitates a behavior only after seeing peers praised for it.

Vicarious reinforcement. Witnessing others' rewards increases likelihood of imitation.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high or low status?

High status. Prestigious models are more likely to be imitated.
Which process is missing if a person can perform a behavior but chooses not to due to no incentive?

Motivation. Lacks desire or reason to perform despite having the capability.
What is the Bobo doll experiment best known for demonstrating?

Children imitate observed aggression toward a model. Bandura showed children copy aggressive acts they witnessed.
Which term describes an observer becoming less likely to perform a behavior after seeing negative outcomes to a model?

Inhibitory effect. Punishment of model suppresses observer's behavior.
In Bandura's model, which process refers to the ability to physically perform the behavior?

Reproduction. Physical capability must match observed behavior for successful imitation.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning a behavior by watching others and its consequences. Occurs without direct experience through observation of others.
Which process best explains why watching an aggressive model can increase aggression?

Vicarious reinforcement of the observed aggressive behavior. Observing rewards for aggression motivates imitation through indirect reinforcement, as per Bandura's experiments.
Identify the missing process: notices behavior, remembers it, can do it, but does not try due to no reward.

Motivation. Without incentive, learned behaviors may not be performed despite capability.
What is the difference between learning and performance in observational learning?

Learning can occur without immediate imitation or behavior change. Knowledge acquisition doesn't require observable behavioral expression.
What are Bandura's four processes required for observational learning?

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. These sequential steps enable successful observational learning.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task or behavior. Observing successful models increases confidence in one's abilities.
Which process of observational learning determines whether the observer will imitate the behavior?

Motivation. Includes incentives, expectations, and perceived consequences.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased behavior after seeing a model punished. Observer learns from model's negative consequences.
Which observational learning process depends most on physical ability and practice?

Reproduction. Motor skills and coordination limit behavioral imitation.
What does the retention process refer to in observational learning?

Encoding and remembering the observed behavior. Retention involves storing the observed behavior in memory through symbolic coding or imagery for later retrieval.
What does the motivation process determine in observational learning?

Whether the observer chooses to enact the behavior. Incentives influence decision to perform learned behavior.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high status/prestige or low status?

High status or prestige. People tend to imitate those they perceive as successful or authoritative.
Identify the concept: Behavior change driven by belief that one can do the task.

Self-efficacy. This belief promotes behavior change by enhancing confidence and reducing avoidance of challenging tasks.
What is the main finding of Bandura's Bobo doll experiments?

Children imitate observed aggression, especially when it is rewarded. Demonstrated that aggression can be learned through observation alone.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the behavioral template for observers to copy.
What does the retention process refer to in observational learning?

Encoding and remembering the observed behavior. Mental representation allows later behavioral reproduction.
What is the key difference between observational learning and operant conditioning?

Observational learning is vicarious; operant depends on own consequences. Learning from others' experiences vs learning from personal reinforcement.
What is the Bobo doll experiment primarily used to demonstrate?

Observational learning of aggression through modeling. Bandura's study showed children imitating aggressive actions toward the doll after observing adult models.
Which process of observational learning refers to physically performing the modeled behavior?

Reproduction. Requires translating mental representations into actual behavior.
What is a key finding from Bandura's Bobo doll studies about aggression?

Children imitate aggressive models, especially when rewarded. Demonstrated that aggression can be learned through observation alone.
Which observational learning process is most influenced by expected outcomes?

Motivation. Anticipated rewards or punishments drive imitation decisions.
What is the motivation process in Bandura's model?

Wanting to perform the behavior due to expected outcomes. Incentives drive whether learned behavior is actually performed.
What is the Bobo doll experiment primarily used to demonstrate?

Observational learning of aggression through modeling. Children imitated aggressive behaviors after watching adult models.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstration of a behavior by a model that observers may imitate. In social cognitive theory, modeling serves as a mechanism for transmitting behaviors, enabling observers to learn vicariously.
What is disinhibition in observational learning?

Increased behavior after seeing a model do it without punishment. Absence of negative consequences removes behavioral restraints.
Which observational learning process depends most on memory encoding?

Retention. Must store observed behavior in memory for later use.
What is the key difference between observational learning and classical conditioning?

Observational learning occurs via watching; classical requires stimulus pairing. No automatic response needed; learner actively observes and chooses.
Which process is missing if a person recalls a behavior but lacks the physical ability to do it?

Reproduction. Physical or skill limitations prevent executing the observed behavior.
Identify the term: after seeing a classmate punished for cheating, a student avoids cheating.

Vicarious punishment. Student avoids behavior after observing peer's punishment.
Identify the term for an internal mental representation that guides future behavior.

Cognitive (mental) representation. Mental models organize observed information for later behavioral guidance.
Which process is most impaired when an observer cannot physically perform the modeled behavior?

Reproduction. Physical limitations prevent behavioral execution despite learning.
Which observational-learning process is primarily impaired if the observer expects no benefit from copying the act?

Motivation. Without incentive, learned behaviors remain unperformed.
Identify the best explanation: A teen imitates a celebrity's habit because the celebrity is admired.

Identification with a high-status model. Admiration for high-status figures promotes imitation through identification and aspirational modeling.
Which observational learning process involves encoding and remembering the behavior?

Retention. Must store the observed behavior in memory for later use.
What are Bandura's four processes required for observational learning?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Sequential steps necessary for successful observational learning to occur.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: similar to observer or dissimilar?

Similar to the observer. We more readily imitate those we perceive as like ourselves.
Which option best describes prosocial modeling: copying helping, copying stealing, copying avoidance, copying reflexes?

Copying helping. Modeling positive social behaviors promotes helpful actions in observers.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and classical conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct CS–US pairing. Classical conditioning requires direct stimulus association experiences.
What is observational learning in social-cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and later imitating their behavior. Occurs without direct experience or reinforcement of the behavior.
What is the Bobo doll experiment best known for demonstrating?

Children imitate observed aggression, especially when reinforced. Bandura showed children copy aggressive acts toward inflatable dolls.
Which concept describes mutual influence among person, behavior, and environment?

Reciprocal determinism. Bandura's model where all three factors continuously influence each other.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their behavior. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning through observation without direct experience.
What does the motivation process refer to in observational learning?

Having incentive or expectation of benefit to perform the behavior. Motivation drives performance of the learned behavior based on anticipated rewards or punishments.
What is the term for a learned behavior that is not shown until there is an incentive?

Latent learning. Behavior is acquired but only expressed when reinforcement is available.
Which Bandura process is most directly influenced by anticipated rewards or punishments?

Motivation. Expected outcomes drive whether learned behaviors are performed.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased imitation after observing a model being punished. Seeing others punished discourages copying their behavior.
Which observational learning process involves having a reason or incentive to imitate?

Motivation. Without incentive, learned behaviors may not be performed.
What does Bandura's Bobo doll experiment primarily demonstrate?

Children can learn aggression through observing an aggressive model. Showed that children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in adults.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model performs actions that serve as examples for observers.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the source of behavioral information for observers.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstration of a behavior by a model that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the source of information for new behaviors.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: similar to observer or dissimilar?

Similar to the observer. Perceived similarity increases identification and imitation likelihood.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased imitation after seeing a model punished. Observer avoids behaviors that led to negative outcomes for others.
What term describes learning that occurs without immediate behavioral change?

Latent learning. Knowledge is acquired but not expressed until needed or motivated.
Which factor most increases imitation: model is similar to observer, model is dissimilar, behavior is punished, behavior is ignored?

Model is similar to observer. Perceived similarity increases identification and imitation likelihood.
What model characteristic most increases imitation according to social learning research?

High status or perceived similarity to the observer. People preferentially imitate those they respect or see as similar.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to perform behaviors to reach goals. Confidence in executing behaviors influences motivation to attempt them.
Identify the term for learning a behavior but not performing it until later.

Latent learning (performance depends on motivation). Behavior is learned but not displayed until incentive exists.
What is the response facilitation effect in observational learning?

Modeling increases a behavior already in the observer's repertoire. Observation triggers existing but dormant behaviors.
Which option best distinguishes observational learning from classical conditioning?

Observational learning occurs by watching others, not by CS–US pairing. No direct stimulus association needed, just observation.
Identify the term: an observer imitates a model more when they are similar in age or gender.

Model similarity increases imitation. Observers identify with and copy similar models more readily.
Which Bandura process involves encoding and storing what was observed?

Retention. Memory storage allows later reproduction of observed behaviors.
Which option best distinguishes observational learning from operant conditioning?

Observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement of the learner. Unlike operant conditioning's reliance on personal consequences, observational learning uses vicarious experiences.
What is the retention process in Bandura's model?

Encoding and remembering the observed behavior. Mental storage allows later reproduction of behavior.
Which Bandura process is missing: a student watches a skill but cannot perform it due to poor coordination?

Reproduction. Lacks physical/cognitive ability despite attention and retention.
Which option best predicts imitation: model similarity to observer or model dissimilarity?

Model similarity to the observer. People more readily imitate those they perceive as like themselves.
What is the reproduction process in Bandura's model?

Having the ability to physically and cognitively perform the act. Physical and mental capabilities determine if behavior can be performed.
Identify the missing process: attention, retention, _____, motivation.

Reproduction. Third step involves physical ability to perform the behavior.
What is reciprocal determinism in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Mutual influence among person, behavior, and environment. Reciprocal determinism explains how personal factors, actions, and surroundings dynamically interact to shape behavior.
What is the term for imitating others to obtain accurate information in ambiguity?

Informational social influence. Conformity driven by assuming others have better knowledge.
What is observational learning in social-cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning without direct experience or reinforcement.
Which option best describes reciprocal determinism in social cognitive theory?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence one another. Bandura's model emphasizes bidirectional causation among factors.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased imitation after observing a model being rewarded. Seeing others rewarded motivates us to copy their behavior.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning without direct experience.
Which four processes did Bandura propose for observational learning to occur?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Sequential stages required for successful observational learning.
What does the attention process determine in observational learning?

Whether the observer notices and attends to the model. First step requires focusing on relevant model features.
Identify the Bandura process: a learner can describe steps later but cannot yet perform them.

Retention. Information stored mentally but not yet physically executed.
Which option best describes the attention process in observational learning?

Noticing the model and relevant features of the behavior. First step: must focus on the model to learn from them.
Which process is deficient if a person watches a skill but cannot recall the steps later?

Retention. Retention fails when memory encoding of the observed steps is inadequate, preventing later recall.
Identify the best conclusion: A child imitates a peer only when adults are watching.

Motivation (anticipated social consequences) drives performance. Performance depends on context; learning may be hidden until motivated.
Which observational-learning process is primarily impaired if the observer is distracted during the demonstration?

Attention. Must focus on the model to encode behavioral information.
Identify the process: A student remembers a teacher's problem-solving steps days later.

Retention. Memory storage of observed behavior for future reproduction.
Which term describes reinforcement delivered by external outcomes such as praise or money?

Extrinsic reinforcement. Environmental consequences shape behavior through tangible rewards.
Identify the concept: learning occurs by observing consequences for someone else.

Vicarious conditioning. Emotional responses and behaviors learned through others' experiences.
Which observational learning process is primarily improved by rehearsal and coding?

Retention. Memory storage requires mental rehearsal and organization.
Identify the outcome: a child watches a sibling praised for sharing and then shares more often.

Vicarious reinforcement. Positive consequences observed for others increase likelihood of imitation.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high or low status?

High status. We're more likely to copy prestigious or authoritative figures.
Which term describes learning without performing the behavior immediately?

Latent learning. Knowledge is acquired but not expressed until needed or motivated.
Which Bandura process refers to wanting to perform the observed behavior?

Motivation. Desire or incentive drives actual performance of learned behavior.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased imitation after seeing a model rewarded. Observer learns from consequences experienced by the model.
What is the key difference between observational learning and classical conditioning?

Observational learning uses models; classical pairs stimuli to elicit responses. No direct experience needed vs automatic stimulus-response associations.
Which option best predicts imitation: model is similar to observer or dissimilar?

Similar to the observer. People more readily imitate those they perceive as like themselves.
Which option best describes the Bobo doll finding: children saw adult aggression then acted how?

They showed more aggressive behavior toward the doll. Classic study demonstrating children imitate observed aggressive behaviors.
Which type of model most increases learning of a novel task: live, verbal, or symbolic?

Live model. Direct observation provides the richest learning experience.
Which observational learning process is primarily impaired by distraction?

Attention. Must focus on the model to encode the observed behavior.
What is the term for learning a behavior by imitating a model?

Modeling (imitation). The observer copies the model's behavior.
In Bandura's model, which process refers to having a reason or incentive to imitate?

Motivation. Desire or incentive determines whether stored behavior is performed.
Identify the concept: a teen avoids vaping after seeing peers punished at school.

Vicarious punishment. Teen learns behavior has negative consequences without experiencing them.
Identify the concept: observing a model increases behavior even without reward or punishment.

Observational learning can occur without reinforcement. Challenges behaviorism: learning happens without direct reinforcement.
Which term describes an observer becoming more likely to perform a behavior after seeing a model perform it?

Disinhibitory effect. Model's performance removes observer's behavioral restraints.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a specific behavior. Confidence in execution affects likelihood of attempting observed behaviors.
What are the four processes required for observational learning in Bandura's model?

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. These sequential steps enable successful observational learning to occur.
What term describes an individual whose behavior is observed and imitated?

Model. The person being observed serves as the behavioral example.
Identify the term for learning a behavior by observing but not necessarily copying it exactly.

Observational learning (acquisition without direct imitation required). Emphasizes cognitive processing over exact behavioral replication.
What is the difference between acquisition and performance in observational learning?

Acquisition is learning; performance is executing the learned behavior. Learning can occur without showing it; performance requires motivation.
Which option best explains a child copying profanity after peers laugh at it?

Vicarious reinforcement. Peer approval acts as indirect reinforcement for the behavior.
Which process is deficient if a person can do a behavior but does not perform it due to no incentive?

Motivation. Motivation is absent when there is no perceived reward or reason to enact the capable behavior.
What is identification in observational learning?

Adopting behaviors of a model because one relates to or admires them. Goes beyond mere copying to internalizing the model's values/attitudes.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased imitation after seeing a model rewarded. Observer learns from consequences experienced by the model.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may later imitate. The model serves as the behavioral example for observers to learn from.
Which option best predicts imitation: model is similar to observer or model is dissimilar?

Model is similar to the observer. Identification with similar models increases imitation likelihood.
Which process of observational learning involves encoding and remembering the behavior?

Retention. Must store the observed behavior in memory for later use.
Which option best distinguishes observational learning from operant conditioning?

Observational learning occurs via watching others, not direct reinforcement. No direct reinforcement needed, unlike operant conditioning.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased imitation after observing a model being rewarded. Seeing others rewarded motivates imitation of their behavior.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the behavioral example for observers.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and later imitating their behavior. This process allows acquisition of behaviors through social observation, as proposed in Bandura's social cognitive theory, without needing personal trial and error.
Which option best describes identification in observational learning?

Adopting behaviors of a model one admires or wants to resemble. Goes beyond imitation to internalize the model's values and behaviors.
Which observational learning process is most limited by low motor ability?

Reproduction. Physical capability determines ability to perform observed actions.
Which option best distinguishes observational learning from operant conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct reinforcement of the learner. Observer learns without personally receiving consequences.
Which observational learning process involves encoding the behavior into memory?

Retention. Must store observed behavior in memory for later reproduction.
Identify the correct prediction: a teen sees peers mocked for studying; what happens to studying publicly?

Studying publicly decreases via vicarious punishment. Negative social consequences discourage the observed behavior.
Which option best describes the retention process in observational learning?

Encoding and remembering the observed behavior. Second step: storing the behavior in memory for later use.
Which observational learning process is most directly influenced by expected rewards or punishments?

Motivation. Incentives determine whether learned behavior will be performed.
What is self-efficacy in social-cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task. Confidence in performing tasks influences motivation and persistence.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and operant conditioning?

Observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement. Operant requires personal consequences; observational uses vicarious ones.
Identify the Bandura process: a student watches closely because the model is admired.

Attention. Admiration increases focus on model's behavior.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?

Similar to the observer. Perceived similarity increases identification and subsequent imitation.
What is outcome expectancy in observational learning?

Belief that a behavior will lead to a particular outcome. Anticipated consequences shape behavioral choices.
Identify the process: An observer cannot imitate a dance because of poor coordination.

Reproduction. Motor skills limit ability to physically perform observed behavior.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning without direct experience.
Which option best distinguishes acquisition from performance in observational learning?

Acquisition is learning; performance is enacting the learned behavior. Learning occurs during observation; performance requires motivation.
Which observational learning process depends on physical and cognitive ability to perform the act?

Reproduction. Requires both motor skills and cognitive capacity to replicate behavior.
What is the difference between acquisition and performance in observational learning?

Acquisition is learning; performance is actually carrying out the behavior. Learning can occur without immediate behavioral demonstration.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and classical conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct CS-US pairing. Classical requires direct stimulus experience; observational doesn't.
What is outcome expectancy in social-cognitive theory?

Belief that a behavior will lead to a specific outcome. Expectations about consequences influence behavioral choices.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and later imitating the observed behavior. Requires no direct experience, only observation of others' actions.
What is the term for preferentially imitating high-status or prestigious models?

Prestige bias. Evolutionary tendency to copy successful or respected individuals.
What is the key difference between observational learning and operant conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct reinforcement of the learner. Observer learns from others' consequences, not personal rewards/punishments.
What is self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's capability to successfully perform a specific behavior. Self-efficacy influences motivation and persistence in behaviors by shaping confidence in one's abilities.
Which four processes are required for Bandura observational learning to occur?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Bandura's ARRM framework outlines the complete learning sequence.
What is identification in modeling?

Imitating a model because the observer relates to the model. Stronger connection with model increases imitation likelihood.
Identify the outcome: A child copies a behavior only after seeing it rewarded.

Vicarious reinforcement. This occurs when observed rewards motivate the child to replicate the behavior for similar benefits.
What does the retention process determine in observational learning?

Whether the observer remembers the observed behavior. Memory storage enables later behavioral reproduction.
What term describes copying a model's behavior after observing it?

Imitation. Direct replication of observed actions without modification.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning a behavior by watching others and later imitating it. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning through observation without direct experience.
What is vicarious reinforcement in observational learning?

Increased imitation after seeing a model rewarded. Vicarious reinforcement enhances the likelihood of imitation by allowing observers to learn from the positive outcomes experienced by models.
What is self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a specific behavior. Confidence in execution affects likelihood of attempting modeled behaviors.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased imitation after observing a model being punished. Seeing others punished discourages us from copying their behavior.
What is a symbolic model in observational learning?

A model presented through media (television, movies, online videos). Media representations can serve as models for behavior.
Which Bandura process is primarily about encoding and remembering the observed act?

Retention. Memory storage allows later reproduction of observed behaviors.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high status, low status, or anonymous?

High status. People imitate those with prestige, power, or expertise.
Which process of observational learning involves encoding the observed behavior into memory?

Retention. Memory storage allows later reproduction of observed behaviors.
Identify the term for learning a behavior by observing consequences to others.

Vicarious learning. Learning through others' experiences rather than our own trial-and-error.
What is imitation in observational learning?

Copying a model's behavior. Direct replication of observed actions without modification.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to perform behaviors to reach goals. Central to motivation and behavioral change in social cognitive theory.
What is the term for copying behaviors that are common in a group?

Conformity bias. Social learning mechanism that promotes group cohesion.
In Bandura's model, which process refers to encoding and remembering the behavior?

Retention. Mental storage allows later reproduction of observed behaviors.
Which outcome best predicts imitation: model is punished or model is rewarded?

Model is rewarded. Positive outcomes encourage behavioral adoption.
Which learning type is most directly involved when a child copies a parent's mannerisms without rewards?

Observational learning. No reinforcement needed; pure imitation through observation.
Choose the best label: A child becomes more aggressive after seeing peers praised for aggression.

Vicarious reinforcement. Witnessing rewards for aggression increases aggressive behavior.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?

Similar to the observer. Similarity enhances identification, making the model's behavior more relatable and applicable to the observer's context.
Which concept describes learning a behavior without immediately performing it?

Latent learning. Behavior is acquired but not displayed until motivated.
What are Bandura's four processes required for observational learning?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Sequential stages from observation to performance.
Which four processes did Bandura propose for effective observational learning?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. These sequential steps enable successful modeling.
What is the term for imitating a behavior because it is socially approved?

Normative social influence. Conformity driven by desire for social acceptance.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a specific behavior. Confidence in execution influences behavioral attempts.
Identify the concept: A child starts sharing after seeing classmates praised for sharing.

Vicarious reinforcement. Observing others' rewards increases imitation probability.
What term describes learning that occurs without performing the behavior immediately?

Latent learning. Latent learning involves acquiring knowledge through observation that remains hidden until motivation or opportunity prompts its expression.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and operant conditioning?

Observational learning does not require direct reinforcement of the learner. Operant conditioning shapes behavior through direct consequences to the learner.
Identify the term for learning social norms by observing others' behavior and outcomes.

Socialization via observational learning. Cultural transmission occurs by watching others navigate social situations.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased imitation after seeing a model rewarded. Observer learns from positive consequences experienced by the model.
Identify the outcome: A child imitates a sibling more after seeing the sibling praised.

Vicarious reinforcement. Witnessing positive consequences increases imitation likelihood.
Which option best fits: After seeing a sibling praised for studying, a student studies more.

Vicarious reinforcement. Observing positive consequences to others increases our behavior.
Identify the term: a child hits a peer after watching a sibling hit and get attention.

Vicarious reinforcement. Child imitates after observing sibling's behavior get reinforced.
What term describes learning the association between a behavior and its consequence by watching others?

Vicarious conditioning. Learning occurs vicariously through others' experiences.
What are the four processes required for observational learning in Bandura's model?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Sequential stages necessary for successful observational learning to occur.
What is identification in observational learning?

Imitating a model because the observer relates to or admires them. Psychological connection enhances likelihood of behavioral copying.
What is the Bobo doll experiment primarily used to demonstrate?

Children learn and imitate aggressive behavior through observation. Classic study showed children copying adult aggression toward doll.
Which observational learning process is most directly influenced by expected outcomes?

Motivation. Incentives and consequences drive performance of learned behaviors.
Identify the term: a child imitates a parent because the parent is admired and liked.

Identification. Imitation driven by emotional connection and desire to be like the model.
What is the attention process in Bandura's model?

Noticing and focusing on the model's behavior. First step requires observer to pay attention to relevant details.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?

Belief in one's ability to perform behaviors to achieve outcomes. Influences whether people attempt behaviors they've observed.
Identify the concept: a child hits after seeing an adult hit and get a reward.

Vicarious reinforcement. Child learns aggression pays off by observing model's reward.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high or low status?

High-status model. High-status models are more likely to be imitated due to perceived authority and desirability of their behaviors.
Which term describes reinforcement that comes from within the person rather than the environment?

Intrinsic reinforcement. Internal satisfaction or pride motivates behavior without external rewards.
What does the reproduction process refer to in observational learning?

Ability to physically and cognitively perform the observed behavior. Reproduction requires the observer to have the physical and mental skills to replicate the behavior accurately.
What is the key distinction between observational learning and classical conditioning?

Observational learning occurs by watching, not by CS–US pairing. No need for direct stimulus associations; learning occurs through observation alone.
What does the attention process refer to in observational learning?

Focusing on the model and the relevant aspects of the behavior. Observers must notice and concentrate on key behavioral elements.
Identify the term for reduced likelihood of a behavior after observing a model punished for it.

Inhibitory effect. Witnessing negative outcomes suppresses behavioral expression.
Which process is deficient if a person remembers a behavior but lacks the ability to perform it?

Reproduction. Reproduction is limited by insufficient physical or cognitive capabilities to execute the remembered behavior.
Identify the outcome: A child avoids a behavior after seeing a peer punished for it.

Vicarious punishment. Observing punishment creates inhibition, reducing the likelihood of performing the sanctioned behavior.
Identify the concept: learning occurs, but the behavior is not shown until an incentive appears.

Latent learning. Knowledge exists but remains hidden until motivation appears.
What is observational learning in social-cognitive theory?

Learning by observing others, not by direct personal experience. Bandura's key insight: we learn from watching others' actions and outcomes.
Identify the term for learning a behavior without immediately performing it.

Latent learning. Knowledge acquired but not demonstrated until motivated.
What is vicarious punishment in observational learning?

Decreased imitation after seeing a model punished. Vicarious punishment deters imitation by enabling observers to anticipate negative consequences from the model's experience.
Which model characteristic increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?

Similar to the observer. We imitate those we perceive as like ourselves more readily.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions. Bandura's theory emphasizes learning through observation without direct experience.
Which observational-learning process is primarily impaired if the observer forgets the steps later?

Retention. Memory failure prevents later behavioral reproduction.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased imitation after seeing a model punished. Negative consequences to the model discourage observer imitation.
Which option best identifies a 'model' in observational learning: teacher, observer, reinforcer, cue?

Teacher. Models demonstrate behaviors; observers watch and potentially imitate.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high status or low status?

High status. People preferentially imitate those with power or prestige.
Identify the outcome: A child stops imitating a peer after seeing the peer punished for it.

Vicarious punishment. Witnessing negative consequences decreases imitation likelihood.
Which process is missing if a person watches a skill but cannot later recall the steps?

Retention. Memory storage of observed behavior failed; cannot reproduce later.
Which option best predicts imitation: the model is punished or the model is rewarded?

The model is rewarded. Vicarious reinforcement increases likelihood of imitation.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a behavior. Central to motivation; influences whether observed behaviors are attempted.
Which factor most increases imitation: model is high-status or low-status?

High-status model. Status enhances model's influence on observer behavior.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social-cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a behavior. Confidence in execution affects likelihood of attempting behavior.
What are Bandura's four processes required for observational learning to occur?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Sequential steps ensure observed behavior becomes learned behavior.
What is modeling in the context of observational learning?

Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the behavioral example for observers to learn from.
What is vicarious reinforcement?

Increased behavior after seeing a model rewarded. Observer learns from model's positive consequences.
What is the term for learning by watching a model without direct reinforcement?

Vicarious learning. Learning occurs through observation without experiencing consequences directly.
Which concept states that behavior, cognition, and environment mutually influence one another?

Reciprocal determinism. Bandura's model shows bidirectional causation among these three factors.
What term describes a person whose behavior is observed and imitated?

Model. The person being observed serves as the behavioral example.
Which model characteristic most increases imitation: high status, low status, or unknown status?

High status. Observers preferentially imitate prestigious or powerful models.
Which Bandura process involves having the physical and cognitive ability to perform the act?

Reproduction. Physical and mental capabilities needed to execute observed actions.
What is observational learning in social-cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions. Acquiring behaviors through observation without direct experience.
What does the reproduction process determine in observational learning?

Whether the observer can physically perform the behavior. Physical capability limits behavioral imitation.
What is observational learning in social cognitive theory?

Learning by watching others and later imitating the observed behavior. Requires no direct experience or reinforcement to acquire new behaviors.
Identify the best label: A child learns to fear dogs after watching a parent show fear around dogs.

Observational learning (vicarious conditioning). Fear acquired through observing another's fear response.
Identify the concept: A teen stops shoplifting after seeing a friend arrested for it.

Vicarious punishment. Witnessing negative consequences reduces behavior likelihood.
Choose the best label: A teen avoids shoplifting after seeing a friend arrested for it.

Vicarious punishment. Observing negative consequences deters similar behavior.
What is the "similarity principle" in observational learning?

People imitate models perceived as similar to themselves. Shared characteristics enhance modeling effectiveness.
What is imitation as a mechanism of observational learning?

Copying a model's behavior after observing it. Direct replication of observed actions.
Which option best indicates observational learning: reward is unnecessary, but motivation is required?

Reward is not required for learning, but affects performance via motivation. Learning occurs without reinforcement; performance requires motivation.
Which model traits typically increase imitation: high or low status, competent or incompetent?

High status and competent models increase imitation. Prestige and expertise enhance model influence on observers.
Identify the key limitation: A person watches a skill demonstration but cannot perform it due to poor motor control.

Failure of reproduction (ability) process. Physical limitations prevent behavioral execution.
Which process of observational learning involves the ability to physically perform the act?

Reproduction. Requires physical capability to execute the observed behavior.
What are the four key processes required for observational learning in Bandura's model?

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Bandura's model outlines these sequential cognitive and behavioral steps necessary for effective learning via observation.
Which option best describes the motivation process in observational learning?

Expecting valued outcomes from performing the behavior. Fourth step: need incentive to convert learning into action.
Identify the missing process: A teen remembers a dance but cannot physically perform it.

Reproduction. Physical/cognitive limitations prevent executing remembered behaviors.
Which model characteristic most increases observational learning: high status or low status?

High status (high prestige). Prestigious models command attention and increase learning likelihood.
Which observational-learning process is primarily impaired if the observer lacks the motor skills to copy the act?

Reproduction. Physical limitations prevent successful imitation despite knowledge.
Which Bandura process depends most on the observer's physical and cognitive ability to act?

Reproduction. Physical and cognitive capabilities determine ability to perform observed acts.
What is identification in observational learning?

Imitating a model because the observer relates to or admires the model. Identification fosters imitation by creating a psychological connection, increasing the model's influence on the observer.
Which model similarity most increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?

Similar to the observer. People imitate those they perceive as like themselves.
What is the difference between imitation and emulation in observational learning?

Imitation copies actions; emulation copies the goal/outcome. Imitation is exact copying; emulation achieves same result differently.
Identify the missing Bandura process: attention → retention → ______ → motivation.

Reproduction. The third step involves physically performing the observed behavior.
Identify the term for a behavior that becomes more likely after observing others do it.

Response facilitation. Seeing others perform increases one's behavioral tendency.
Which term describes copying a model's behavior after observing it?

Imitation. Direct replication of observed behaviors without need for reinforcement.
Which process of observational learning determines whether the behavior is actually performed?

Motivation. Incentives influence whether learned behavior is displayed.
What is vicarious punishment?

Decreased imitation after seeing a model punished. Observer learns to avoid behaviors that led to negative outcomes for others.
What term describes increased imitation because the model is viewed as "like me" (same age, group, or identity)?

Identification. Perceived similarity enhances modeling effectiveness.
Which factor most increases imitation: model is high-status, model is unknown, model is punished, model is disliked?

Model is high-status. Prestigious models are more likely to be imitated than others.

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