Social Norms, Deviance, and Sanctions (7B) - Psych & Soc

What is the key difference between a norm and a law?

Norms are informal; laws are formal rules enforced by the state. Laws have codified penalties; norms rely on social pressure.
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?

Deviance that follows internalizing a deviant label as identity. The label becomes self-fulfilling prophecy of continued deviance.
What is a mores in the context of social norms?

A strongly held moral norm; violations provoke strong sanctions. Violations trigger moral outrage and serious consequences.
Identify the concept: behavior violates a norm but is not necessarily illegal.

Deviance. All crimes are deviant, but not all deviance is criminal.
Which concept best fits: a strong moral norm where violation leads to severe condemnation?

Mores. Mores protect fundamental social values and morality.
What is the key difference between a norm and a law?

Norms are informal expectations; laws are formal rules with legal sanctions. Laws are codified with state-enforced penalties.
What is primary deviance in labeling theory?

Initial norm violation that does not change self-concept significantly. The act itself before society applies a deviant label.
What is deviance in the sociological sense?

Behavior that violates social norms in a given context. Context determines whether behavior is considered deviant.
Which concept states that deviance is defined by social reaction, not the act itself?

Labeling theory. Labeling theory emphasizes that societal reactions construct deviance, transforming acts into deviant identities through social processes.
What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

Formal: institutional/legal; Informal: social approval or disapproval. Formal sanctions involve official mechanisms for enforcement, while informal ones rely on interpersonal reactions to maintain social order.
What is the difference between positive sanctions and negative sanctions?

Positive reward conformity; negative punish or discourage deviance. Both types shape behavior through consequences.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared expectation for appropriate behavior in a group or society. Social norms guide behavior by establishing collective standards that maintain order and predictability within groups.
Which term describes deviance that strengthens group solidarity by clarifying norms?

Functionalist view: deviance can be socially functional (Durkheimian). Deviance clarifies boundaries and unites conformists.
Which term describes the process of learning norms and expected behaviors?

Socialization. Through this process, individuals learn cultural expectations.
What is deviance?

Behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms. Context and culture determine what's considered deviant.
What is a folkway (as a type of norm)?

An informal norm for everyday behavior with weak social sanctions. Folkways regulate routine interactions with minimal enforcement, ensuring smooth social functioning without severe consequences for minor violations.
Identify the term for being treated differently because of a stigmatized trait.

Discrimination. Unfair treatment based on stigmatized characteristics.
What is strain theory (Merton) as an explanation for deviance?

Deviance arises when goals and legitimate means are misaligned. People turn to crime when blocked from legitimate success.
What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

Formal: institutional (fines/jail); informal: social (praise/shaming). Formal sanctions come from authorities; informal from peers.
What is the core idea of Merton's strain theory?

Deviance arises from a gap between cultural goals and legitimate means. Strain occurs when society promotes goals but limits access.
What is a sanction in sociology?

A reward or punishment used to enforce conformity to social norms. Sanctions reinforce norms by providing feedback, encouraging adherence through positive or negative consequences.
What is an in-group versus an out-group?

In-group: "us" identity; out-group: "them" category. Group membership shapes identity and behavior.
What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive: rewards; negative: punishments. Both types shape behavior through consequences.
What is the definition of an in-group as it relates to norms?

A group with which one identifies and whose norms guide behavior. Members share values and enforce norms collectively.
What is the Thomas theorem?

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. Shows how perceptions create social reality.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared, informal rule that guides acceptable behavior in a group. Norms emerge from collective expectations, not formal decree.
What is the functionalist view of deviance (Durkheim)?

Deviance can reinforce norms, promote cohesion, and drive social change. Functionalism views deviance as serving society by clarifying norms, fostering unity against violations, and prompting adaptive changes.
What is a law as a social norm category?

A formally codified norm enforced by official institutions. Laws have state-backed enforcement mechanisms.
What is deviance in sociology?

Behavior or traits that violate social norms in a given context. Context determines what's considered deviant.
Which term refers to punishments or disapproval used to enforce norms?

Negative sanctions. Negative sanctions discourage norm violations.
What is the definition of an out-group as it relates to deviance judgments?

A group seen as different; its members are judged by in-group norms. Often stereotyped as deviant based on in-group standards.
What does labeling theory propose about deviance?

Deviance is shaped by social labels and reactions, not only the act. Society's reaction creates deviance, not just the behavior itself.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy as applied to deviance?

A label changes behavior so the labeled outcome becomes more likely. Expectations shape actual behavior patterns.
What is primary deviance in labeling theory?

Initial norm violation that does not become part of a person's identity. Primary deviance involves isolated acts without self-identification, allowing individuals to maintain conventional roles post-violation.
What is social control?

Mechanisms used by groups to encourage conformity and discourage deviance. Society regulates behavior through various enforcement methods.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared, informal rule that guides behavior in a group or society. Norms emerge from collective expectations and social interactions.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior to promote conformity to norms. Includes both internal and external pressures to conform.
What is stigma?

A discrediting social label that reduces a person's social status. Stigma marks individuals as socially unacceptable or inferior.
What is anomie according to Durkheim?

Normlessness due to weakened social regulation and unclear rules. Occurs during rapid social change when norms break down.
Identify whether a prison sentence is a formal or informal sanction.

Formal sanction. Prison sentences are administered by legal institutions, serving as structured penalties to deter and punish norm violations.
In Merton's strain theory, what is "innovation"?

Accepting goals but using illegitimate means to achieve them. Like crime to achieve wealth when legitimate paths are blocked.
What is a taboo?

A norm prohibiting an act seen as extremely offensive or unthinkable. Taboos are the strongest type of social norm.
What is a sanction in the context of social norms?

A reward or punishment used to enforce conformity to norms. Sanctions maintain social order through consequences.
What is a law as a type of social norm?

A formally codified norm enforced by official institutions. Laws transform social norms into state-enforced rules.
What is internalization of norms?

Adopting norms as personal values so compliance feels self-chosen. Makes following norms feel natural rather than forced.
What is deviance in sociological terms?

Behavior or belief that violates social norms in a given context. What's deviant varies by time, place, and culture.
What is the looking-glass self, and how does it relate to norms?

Self-concept shaped by perceived judgments of others, promoting conformity. We conform to match how we think others see us.
What is differential association theory of deviance?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant peers and norms. Differential association theory posits that exposure to deviant groups normalizes rule-breaking through learned attitudes and techniques.
What is the key idea of cultural relativism for judging deviance?

Deviance is defined relative to a specific culture and context. What's deviant in one society may be normal in another.
What is the difference between formal sanctions and informal sanctions?

Formal: official (laws); informal: social reactions (praise/shame). Formal involves authorities; informal involves peers.
What is anomie in Durkheim's theory?

Normlessness due to weak or unclear social norms. Occurs when social regulation breaks down or becomes unclear.
What does it mean that deviance is socially constructed?

It depends on social context, culture, and historical period. Same act can be normal or deviant in different settings.
What is the core claim of differential association theory of deviance?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant peers. Criminal behavior is socially transmitted like any skill.
What is labeling theory's main claim about deviance?

Deviance is shaped by societal reactions and labels, not only acts. Society's response creates deviance through stigmatization.
Identify the theory stating deviance results from being labeled as deviant.

Labeling theory. Society's reaction creates deviance, not the act itself.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared, informal rule that guides behavior in a group. Norms emerge from collective expectations and social interactions.
What is deviance?

Behavior that violates social norms in a given social context. Context matters - what's deviant varies by time and place.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared rule or expectation that guides behavior in a group. Norms create predictability and order in social interactions.
What is a law as a type of norm?

A formal norm enforced by an institution, typically the state. Laws codify important norms with official penalties.
What is a more (mores) in sociology?

A strong moral norm with serious sanctions when violated. Violations threaten core social values and group cohesion.
What is the conflict theory view of deviance?

Deviance and laws reflect power; rules are enforced to benefit elites. Conflict theory sees deviance definitions as tools of the powerful to maintain dominance by criminalizing threats to their interests.
What is internalization of norms?

Adopting norms as personal values that guide behavior. Creates self-regulation without external enforcement.
What is labeling theory's main mechanism for producing deviance?

Being labeled deviant promotes a deviant identity and behavior. Social reaction creates deviance, not the act itself.
What is a sanction in the context of social control?

A reward or punishment used to encourage norm conformity. Sanctions maintain social order through behavioral consequences.
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?

Deviance that follows labeling and becomes part of self-identity. Labeling causes person to adopt deviant identity.
What is a social sanction?

A reward or punishment used to enforce conformity to norms. Sanctions maintain social order through behavioral consequences.
What is internalization of norms?

Adopting norms as personal values so conformity occurs without external pressure. Most effective form of social control.
What is deviance in sociology?

Behavior or traits that violate social norms and elicit social reaction. Deviance arises from breaching expected norms, triggering social responses that reinforce group boundaries and conformity.
Which option best describes cultural relativity of deviance?

An act is deviant only relative to the norms of a particular culture and time. No universal deviance exists across all societies.
What is strain theory (Merton) as an explanation for deviance?

Deviance arises when goals are valued but legitimate means are blocked. Structural inequality creates pressure for deviant adaptations.
What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive reward conformity; negative punish deviance. Positive = rewards (praise); negative = punishments (fines).
What is the difference between descriptive norms and injunctive norms?

Descriptive: what is done; injunctive: what is approved. Descriptive shows actual behavior; injunctive shows moral expectations.
What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive: rewards; negative: punishments. Both types shape behavior through different consequences.
What is the difference between formal and informal norms?

Formal: codified rules; informal: unwritten social expectations. Formal = laws/policies; informal = customs/traditions.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared rule or expectation that guides behavior in a group. Norms create predictable patterns of behavior within social groups.
Identify the concept: deviance is defined by the situation and the audience, not the act itself.

Relativity of deviance (context-dependent deviance). Same behavior can be normal or deviant depending on context.
Which Merton adaptation describes accepting cultural goals but using illegitimate means?

Innovation. Like using crime to achieve wealth when legitimate paths fail.
Which term refers to rewards or approval used to reinforce norms?

Positive sanctions. Positive sanctions encourage conformity to norms.
What is stigma in the context of deviance and labeling?

A socially discrediting attribute that reduces a person's status. Stigma marks individuals as outsiders, facilitating social control by discouraging association and reinforcing normative behavior.
What is labeling theory of deviance?

Deviance is shaped by social reactions and labels applied by others. Focuses on societal response, not the act itself.
What term describes norms that are informal, everyday expectations (for example, etiquette)?

Folkways. These are casual norms without serious consequences when violated.
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Primary: initial act; secondary: deviance after deviant labeling. Secondary deviance results from accepting deviant identity.
What is deviance in the sociological sense?

Behavior or beliefs that violate social norms in a given context. Deviance is culturally defined, not inherently wrong.
What is the difference between a positive and a negative sanction?

Positive rewards conformity; negative punishes deviance. Both types reinforce norms through different consequences.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior to promote conformity to norms. Includes both rewards and punishments.
What is differential association theory of deviance?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant peers and norms. Sutherland's theory emphasizes social learning of deviance.
What is cultural relativism as applied to deviance?

Deviance depends on cultural context; no universal standard. What's deviant in one culture may be normal in another.
What is internalization of a norm?

Adopting a norm as a personal value so compliance is self-driven. Person follows norm because they believe it's right.
Identify whether public ridicule for breaking etiquette is a formal or informal sanction.

Informal sanction. Public ridicule operates through social networks, informally enforcing norms via peer pressure without institutional involvement.
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?

Deviance that follows internalizing the deviant label. The label becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is a taboo as a type of norm?

A norm prohibiting a behavior that is seen as extremely offensive. Universal taboos include incest and cannibalism.
What is ethnocentrism as applied to deviance?

Judging other cultures' behaviors by one's own cultural standards. Often leads to misunderstanding other cultures' practices.
What is labeling theory of deviance?

Deviance is amplified when society labels a person and they adopt it. The label becomes part of one's identity and behavior.
Which term refers to unwritten, implicit rules that guide everyday social behavior?

Informal norms. These norms operate through shared understanding, not documentation.
Which term refers to punishments that discourage norm-violating behavior?

Negative sanctions. These deter undesired behaviors through punishment.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior to promote conformity to norms. Includes both rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
Which option best represents a formal negative sanction: gossip, a fine, a compliment, or a smile?

A fine. Fines are official punishments imposed by institutions.
What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Primary: initial acts; secondary: deviance driven by internalized label. Secondary occurs when people adopt deviant identity after labeling.
What is strain theory (Merton) as an explanation for deviance?

Deviance arises when goals and legitimate means are mismatched. People innovate illegitimate means to achieve cultural goals.
What is the difference between formal sanctions and informal sanctions?

Formal: institutional; informal: social reactions from individuals or groups. Formal uses official channels; informal uses social pressure.
Identify the concept: a punishment imposed by courts or police for norm violation.

Formal negative sanction. Legal system enforces societal norms through official channels.
What is anomie in Durkheim's sense?

Normlessness from weakened social regulation, increasing deviance risk. Anomie describes social instability from eroded norms, heightening deviance as individuals lack guidance for behavior.
What is deviance in sociology?

Behavior or attributes that violate social norms in a given context. Context determines what counts as deviant behavior.
Identify the type of norm violated: wearing pajamas to a formal wedding reception.

Folkway. Violates etiquette norms but not moral standards.
What is a sanction in the context of norms and deviance?

A reward or punishment used to enforce norms. Sanctions maintain social order through consequences.
What is labeling theory as an explanation for deviance?

Deviance is shaped by social reactions and labels that become identities. Being labeled deviant can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is cultural relativism as applied to deviance?

Judging behavior by the standards of its own culture, not one's own. Recognizes that norms vary across cultures.
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?

Deviance that follows labeling and becomes part of self-concept/identity. Secondary deviance occurs when labels internalize, leading to a deviant self-concept that perpetuates further norm violations.
What is the Thomas theorem and its relevance to deviance?

If situations are defined as real, they are real in consequences. Perceptions create social reality and behavioral outcomes.
What is a mores (moral norm)?

A strong norm tied to morality; violations provoke strong sanctions. Violations trigger moral outrage and serious consequences.
What is stigma in the context of deviance and labeling?

A discrediting attribute that leads to social devaluation and exclusion. Stigma marks individuals as socially unacceptable.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared rule or expectation that guides behavior in a group. Norms create predictability and order in social interactions.
What is the difference between injunctive norms and descriptive norms?

Injunctive: what should be done; descriptive: what is done. Injunctive = ideal behavior; descriptive = actual behavior.
Identify the concept where a negative label can increase deviant behavior.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. Expectations shape reality through behavioral changes.
What is a more?

A norm with strong moral significance; violations are strongly sanctioned. Mores protect core values like honesty or loyalty.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of deviance?

A label changes behavior so the labeled outcome becomes more likely. Self-fulfilling prophecies in deviance occur as labels influence expectations, prompting behaviors that align with the imposed deviant role.
What is differential association theory (Sutherland)?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant peers and norms. Criminal behavior is transmitted through social learning.
What is stigma according to Erving Goffman?

A discrediting attribute that reduces a person in others' eyes. Stigma marks someone as socially unacceptable or inferior.
What is the difference between a norm and a law?

Norms are informal expectations; laws are formal rules with legal penalties. Laws are codified and enforced by government institutions.
What is a social sanction?

A reward or punishment used to enforce norms. Sanctions maintain social order through consequences.
Which term refers to explicit, formally stated rules (often written) for behavior?

Formal norms. Written rules with specified consequences distinguish formal norms.
What is anomie in Durkheim's theory?

Normlessness from weakened social regulation, increasing deviance risk. Occurs during rapid social change or unclear expectations.
What is internalization of norms?

Adopting norms as personal values so compliance feels self-chosen. Makes external rules feel like personal beliefs.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior to promote conformity to norms. Includes both internal and external pressures to conform.
What is the labeling theory explanation for deviance?

Deviance is amplified when society labels a person as deviant. Being labeled 'deviant' can create self-fulfilling prophecy.
What term describes norms with strong moral significance and severe sanctions when violated?

Mores. Violating mores threatens core societal values and order.
Identify the concept: A behavior is judged deviant only after others react to it.

Deviance is socially constructed (reaction-based definition of deviance). Society's reaction defines what counts as deviant.
Which term refers to rewards that increase norm-conforming behavior?

Positive sanctions. These reinforce desired behaviors through rewards.
What is deviance in sociological terms?

Behavior that violates social norms in a given context. What counts as deviant varies by time and place.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior and enforce conformity to norms. Includes both internal and external pressures to conform.
What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive rewards conformity; negative punishes deviance. Both types shape behavior through consequences.
What is a sanction in the study of norms and deviance?

A reward or punishment used to enforce conformity to norms. Sanctions maintain social order through behavioral control.
What is a reference group?

A group used as a standard for self-evaluation and behavioral guidance. We compare ourselves to this group to shape our behavior.
Which term refers to a norm violation that is also a legal violation?

Crime. All crimes are deviant, but not all deviance is criminal.
What is a social norm in sociological terms?

A shared, informal rule that guides acceptable behavior in a group. Norms emerge from group consensus and shape member expectations.
Which option best describes primary deviance?

Initial norm violation not yet central to the person's identity. The person doesn't see themselves as deviant yet.
What is anomie in Durkheim's theory of deviance?

Normlessness from weakened social regulation, increasing deviance. Rapid social change disrupts norms, creating confusion.
What is differential association theory of deviance?

Deviance is learned through interaction with deviant peers. Criminal behavior is culturally transmitted like any skill.
What is the sociological idea of deviance as relative?

Deviance depends on context, culture, time period, and audience. No behavior is inherently deviant across all contexts.
What is a mores (mores norm)?

A strongly held moral norm with strong social sanctions when violated. Violating mores triggers serious social disapproval.
What is an ethnocentric judgment about deviance?

Evaluating another culture's behavior using one's own cultural standards. Ethnocentrism imposes one's cultural norms on others, leading to biased interpretations of behaviors as deviant without cultural context.
Which term describes deviance that strengthens group solidarity by clarifying norms?

Functionalist view of deviance (Durkheim): deviance reinforces norms. Deviance paradoxically unites conformists against rule-breakers.
What is the difference between deviance and crime?

Crime violates laws; deviance violates norms (may be noncriminal). All crimes are deviant, but not all deviance is criminal.
What is the difference between descriptive norms and injunctive norms?

Descriptive: what people do; injunctive: what people approve or disapprove. Descriptive shows actual behavior; injunctive shows social approval.
What is a social norm in sociology?

A shared, informal rule that guides behavior in a group. Norms emerge from group consensus to coordinate behavior.
What is the difference between a descriptive norm and an injunctive norm?

Descriptive: what people do; injunctive: what people approve of. Descriptive shows actual behavior; injunctive shows ideal behavior.
What is ethnocentrism as applied to deviance?

Judging other groups using one's own culture as the standard. Assumes one's own cultural norms are superior.
Which option best describes informal social control: police arrest or peer ridicule?

Peer ridicule. Informal control uses social pressure, not legal authority.
Which option is the best example of a formal negative sanction: gossip, praise, arrest, or smiling?

Arrest. Only arrest involves legal/institutional punishment.
What is the definition of stigma?

A socially discrediting attribute that reduces a person in others' eyes. Goffman's concept of spoiled identity.
Identify the concept: a norm violation is tolerated because the actor has high status.

Deviance is context- and power-dependent (differential enforcement). Power affects who gets labeled deviant.
What is the difference between injunctive norms and descriptive norms?

Injunctive: what should be done; Descriptive: what is typically done. Injunctive norms prescribe ideal behaviors to uphold values, while descriptive norms reflect observed common practices in social contexts.
What is internalization as a mechanism promoting conformity to norms?

Adopting norms as personal values so compliance becomes self-regulated. People follow norms because they believe in them.
What is the relationship between mores and laws?

Laws often formalize mores, but not all mores are codified as laws. Mores form the ethical foundation for many laws, though some remain informal social rules without legal enforcement.
Which concept best fits: a norm about table manners with mild social disapproval if violated?

Folkway. Violating folkways rarely results in serious consequences.
What is a more in sociology?

A strongly held moral norm with serious sanctions if violated. Violations trigger strong social disapproval or punishment.
What is cultural relativism as applied to norms and deviance?

Norms and deviance must be evaluated within the standards of a culture. Cultural relativism requires assessing norms and deviance contextually, recognizing variations in acceptability across different societies.
What is a taboo in the context of social norms?

A norm prohibiting a behavior seen as highly offensive or unthinkable. Taboos represent the strongest cultural prohibitions, protecting societal boundaries by deeming certain acts morally unacceptable.
Identify the term: a behavior that violates a norm but is not illegal.

Deviance (noncriminal deviance). Violates social norms without breaking formal laws.
What does strain theory propose as a cause of deviance?

Blocked access to culturally valued goals leads to deviant adaptations. Strain theory explains deviance as adaptive responses to structural barriers preventing achievement of societal goals via legitimate means.
What is primary deviance in labeling theory?

Initial norm violation that does not change self-concept or identity. Person violates norms but isn't labeled as deviant.
What is the key idea of cultural relativism when judging deviance?

Deviance depends on cultural context; it is not inherently universal. No behavior is inherently deviant across all cultures.
What is the difference between descriptive and injunctive norms?

Descriptive: what people do; Injunctive: what people approve or should do. Descriptive shows actual behavior; injunctive shows ideal behavior.
What is a folkway in the context of social norms?

An informal norm for everyday behavior with weak sanctions. Examples include table manners or dress codes.
What is a sanction in the context of social control?

A reward or punishment used to enforce norms. Sanctions maintain social order through behavioral consequences.
What is deviance in the sociological sense?

Behavior or traits that violate social norms in a given context. Context determines what's considered deviant, not inherent qualities.
What is the difference between formal norms and informal norms?

Formal: codified rules; informal: unwritten expectations. Formal norms have official consequences; informal rely on social pressure.
What is a more (mores) in sociology?

A strong moral norm; violations provoke serious social condemnation. Violations threaten core societal values.
What is the difference between a norm and a law?

Norms are informal expectations; laws are formal rules enforced by the state. Laws have legal consequences; norms have social consequences.
What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive: rewards conformity; negative: punishes deviance. Positive reinforces good behavior; negative discourages bad.
What is primary deviance in labeling theory?

Initial norm violation that has not yet altered self-identity. Everyone commits primary deviance occasionally.
What is the core claim of Durkheim's functionalist view of deviance?

Deviance can reinforce norms and promote social cohesion and change. Deviance clarifies boundaries and unites groups against violators.
What is a more (as a type of norm)?

A strongly held moral norm; violations prompt strong social disapproval. Mores embody core moral values of a society, eliciting intense reactions to preserve ethical standards and social cohesion.
Identify the concept: a self-fulfilling prophecy after being labeled deviant.

Secondary deviance. Label becomes internalized, creating more deviance.
What is primary deviance in labeling theory?

Initial norm violation that does not become part of identity. Person hasn't been labeled deviant yet, so identity unchanged.
What is the difference between a formal and an informal sanction?

Formal is institutional (fines, arrest); informal is social (ridicule). Formal uses official channels; informal uses peer pressure.
What is cultural relativism as applied to deviance?

Judging behavior by the standards of its culture rather than one's own. Recognizes that deviance varies across cultures.
What is the difference between positive sanctions and negative sanctions?

Positive: rewards; negative: punishments. Both types shape behavior through consequences.
What is social control?

Mechanisms that regulate behavior and promote conformity. Includes both internal and external enforcement methods.
What is a more in sociology?

A strongly held moral norm; violations provoke strong sanctions. Core values like honesty; violation causes moral outrage.
What is a more (mores) in sociology?

A strongly held norm with moral significance and strong sanctions. Mores reflect core values and trigger serious sanctions.
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory?

Deviance that follows labeling and becomes part of self-concept. Label becomes internalized, creating deviant identity.
Which concept best fits: praise from peers for following a group rule?

Informal positive sanction. Social approval reinforces desired group behaviors.
Identify the type of sanction: a judge sentences a person to prison for theft.

Formal negative sanction. Official punishment by legal/institutional authority.
What is social control theory's core claim about why people do not deviate?

Strong social bonds and commitment to norms reduce deviant behavior. Social control theory argues that robust attachments, commitments, and beliefs integrate individuals into society, deterring norm violations.
Identify the concept: a person is treated as "criminal" and then commits more crime after the label.

Secondary deviance. Label internalization leads to continued deviant behavior.
What is differential association theory (Sutherland)?

Deviance is learned through interactions that transmit norms and techniques. Criminal behavior patterns spread through social networks.
What is a folkway?

An informal norm for everyday behavior with weak sanctions. Examples include table manners or dress codes.
Which term describes positive sanctions that encourage conformity through rewards?

Positive sanctions. Positive sanctions reward conformity, motivating individuals to align with norms through incentives like praise or recognition.

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