Personality Theories and Trait Perspectives (7A) - Psych & Soc

What does the superego represent in Freud's theory?

Internalized moral standards and ideals. The superego enforces societal norms and conscience, often leading to guilt when standards are violated.
What is projection as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Attributing one's unacceptable impulses or traits to someone else. Protects ego by seeing own flaws in others instead of self.
What is reciprocal determinism in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence one another. Bandura's model showing bidirectional causation among these three factors.
What is reciprocal determinism in Bandura's model?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence one another. Bidirectional causation creates dynamic personality development.
Which defense mechanism is offering acceptable explanations to mask true motives?

Rationalization. Rationalization justifies unacceptable actions with seemingly logical but false reasons to reduce dissonance.
What is incongruence in Rogers's theory?

Mismatch between self-concept and ideal self. Creates psychological distress and blocks growth.
What does the term "reciprocal determinism" mean in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence one another. Three factors form a dynamic interactional system of causation.
What is factor analysis in the context of trait theory research?

A statistical method that clusters correlated variables into underlying factors. Reveals hidden dimensions by analyzing trait correlations.
Which Big Five trait best matches being anxious and emotionally unstable?

Neuroticism. Associated with negative emotions and stress sensitivity.
What is the fundamental attribution error as applied to judging personality?

Overattributing behavior to disposition and underweighting situation. We tend to ignore situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Most widely accepted trait model in personality psychology.
What is the primary function of the superego in Freud's structural model?

Internalized morals and ideals; conscience. Superego enforces moral standards learned from parents/society.
What does the trait Neuroticism primarily reflect in the Big Five model?

Tendency toward negative affect, anxiety, and emotional instability. High neuroticism correlates with worry, mood swings, and stress sensitivity.
What is a cardinal trait in Allport's trait theory?

A dominant trait that strongly defines a person's behavior across contexts. Rare but powerful; e.g., extreme altruism defining Mother Teresa.
Which Big Five trait most directly captures emotional instability and anxiety?

Neuroticism. High neuroticism correlates with mood disorders and stress.
What is projection as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Attributing one's unacceptable impulses to someone else. "You're the angry one, not me" exemplifies this defense.
Which Big Five trait is most directly associated with anxiety and emotional instability?

Neuroticism. High neuroticism indicates vulnerability to negative emotions.
What is incongruence in Rogers's theory of personality?

Mismatch between self-concept and actual experience, producing distress. Gap between who you think you are and who you really are.
What is the core claim of trait theory in personality psychology?

Personality is described by stable, measurable traits that vary by individual. Traits are consistent patterns that differ between people.
What is the key difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality?

Idiographic: individual-focused; nomothetic: general laws across people. Idiographic studies unique individuals; nomothetic seeks universal patterns.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. High self-efficacy predicts persistence and achievement.
What does the ego operate on in Freud's model?

The reality principle. Balances id's desires with real-world constraints and consequences.
What is the core idea of the psychodynamic perspective on personality?

Personality reflects unconscious conflicts and early experiences. Psychodynamic theory emphasizes how unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood shape personality development.
What is a secondary trait in Allport's trait theory?

A more context-specific preference or tendency (less consistent, less salient). Appears only in certain situations; not core to identity.
What is Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence one another. Each factor shapes and is shaped by the other two continuously.
What is the difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality?

Idiographic focuses on one person; nomothetic seeks general laws across people. Idiographic studies individuals uniquely; nomothetic finds universal patterns.
Which assessment is a classic projective test: Rorschach inkblot test or MMPI?

Rorschach inkblot test. Inkblots reveal unconscious through interpretation patterns.
What defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions?

Sublimation. Transforms negative urges into positive, productive activities.
What is the psychoanalytic definition of the ego?

Reality-oriented mediator operating on the reality principle. The ego balances id desires with real-world constraints.
What is the core assumption of Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality?

Unconscious conflicts and early experiences shape personality. Childhood experiences create lasting unconscious patterns.
What is Maslow's self-actualization in humanistic theory?

Fulfilling one's potential after lower needs are sufficiently met. Highest level of Maslow's hierarchy; becoming your best self.
What is the core claim of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Personality reflects unconscious conflicts shaped by early childhood. Freud emphasized unconscious drives from childhood experiences.
Identify the defense mechanism: attributing one's unacceptable impulses to others.

Projection. Reduces anxiety by seeing own faults in others instead.
Identify the concept: behavior is learned by watching others and consequences.

Observational learning (modeling). Vicarious reinforcement shapes behavior without direct experience.
What is fixation in Freud's psychosexual stage theory?

Persistent focus on a stage due to unresolved conflict at that stage. Unmet developmental needs cause lasting personality patterns.
What is the main claim of trait theory in explaining personality differences?

Personality reflects stable, measurable traits that vary across individuals. Trait theory views personality as consistent patterns that can be quantified.
What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Most widely accepted trait model in psychology.
Identify the trait model described by three dimensions: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism.

Eysenck's PEN model. Eysenck's biological theory reduces personality to these core traits linked to physiological arousal.
Which defense mechanism is attributing one's unacceptable impulses to others?

Projection. Seeing one's own faults in others instead of self.
Which defense mechanism is expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse?

Reaction formation. Reaction formation conceals forbidden desires by adopting exaggerated opposing attitudes or behaviors.
What is Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard?

Acceptance and love without conditions. Rogers emphasized this as essential for healthy self-concept development without fear of rejection.
What is the psychoanalytic definition of the id?

Primitive, unconscious drives operating on the pleasure principle. The id seeks immediate gratification without considering consequences.
What does the ego operate on in Freud's theory?

Reality principle. The ego mediates between id impulses and real-world demands to achieve practical outcomes.
Which defense mechanism is channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable behavior?

Sublimation. Sublimation redirects potentially harmful impulses toward socially productive activities.
What is the primary goal of factor analysis in trait psychology?

Identify underlying trait dimensions from patterns of correlations. Statistical technique reveals which traits cluster together.
What is the difference between a trait and a state in personality psychology?

Trait is enduring; state is temporary and situation-dependent. Traits persist over time; states fluctuate with circumstances.
What is the psychoanalytic definition of the superego?

Internalized moral standards; conscience and ideal self. The superego represents societal rules and personal ideals.
What is the definition of locus of control in social-cognitive personality theory?

Belief that outcomes are controlled by oneself (internal) or external forces. Internal locus linked to achievement; external to learned helplessness.
What does the id represent in Freud's structural model of personality?

Instinctual drives; operates on the pleasure principle. The id seeks immediate gratification without considering reality.
What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. The Big Five model captures broad dimensions of personality supported by empirical factor analysis.
What is the defining feature of Allport's cardinal trait?

A dominant trait that strongly shapes nearly all behavior. Cardinal traits are rare, overwhelming characteristics (e.g., Machiavellian).
What does Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasize about personality?

Reciprocal determinism among person, behavior, and environment. Three factors continuously interact to shape personality.
What is projection as a defense mechanism?

Attributing one's unacceptable impulses to others. Defense mechanism to avoid recognizing one's own faults.
What is incongruence in Rogers's humanistic theory?

Mismatch between self-concept and lived experience. Incongruence arises when experiences contradict one's self-image, leading to psychological distress.
What is the primary function of the ego in Freud's model?

To mediate between id impulses, superego demands, and reality constraints. Ego uses defense mechanisms to manage these competing forces.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed at a task. Influences motivation and persistence in challenges.
What is the main distinction between the humanistic and psychoanalytic views of personality?

Humanistic: growth and free will; psychoanalytic: unconscious conflict. Humanistic emphasizes potential; psychoanalytic emphasizes past.
What is the definition of a defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory?

Unconscious strategy that reduces anxiety by distorting reality. Protects the ego from threatening thoughts or feelings.
What is self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. Higher self-efficacy predicts greater effort and persistence.
What is Maslow's self-actualization in personality theory?

Realizing one's full potential after basic needs are met. Maslow's hierarchy posits self-actualization as the pinnacle of human motivation once lower needs are satisfied.
What defense mechanism involves justifying an unacceptable behavior with a plausible reason?

Rationalization. Creating logical excuses to avoid guilt or shame.
Which defense mechanism is converting anxiety into physical symptoms?

Somatization. Somatization manifests psychological distress as bodily symptoms to avoid conscious awareness of conflict.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects curiosity, imagination, and preference for novelty?

Openness to experience. Associated with creativity, intellectual curiosity, and artistic interests.
Which locus of control is shown by believing outcomes depend on luck or powerful others?

External locus of control. External locus associates with helplessness and reduced motivation.
What is reaction formation as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Replacing unacceptable impulses with their opposite behaviors. Expressing the opposite of true feelings to avoid anxiety.
Identify the term for a test that yields consistent results across time or items.

Reliability. Consistent scores indicate the test measures something stable.
What is reaction formation as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite behavior. Person acts contrary to true feelings to avoid anxiety.
Which Big Five trait is most directly associated with being organized and disciplined?

Conscientiousness. High scorers are responsible, orderly, and achievement-oriented.
What are the three components of Freud's structural model of personality?

Id, ego, and superego. These structures represent instinct, reason, and morality respectively.
Identify the defense mechanism: refusing to accept a painful reality despite evidence.

Denial. Protects ego by refusing to acknowledge threatening information.
What is the basic structure of Freud's personality model?

Id (instincts), ego (reality), and superego (morality). Three systems conflict to shape personality and behavior.
What is Bandura's reciprocal determinism?

Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence each other. Bandura's model illustrates the triadic interplay that shapes personality through ongoing interactions.
What is the locus of control construct in Rotter's theory?

Belief that outcomes are controlled internally versus externally. Internal locus: "I control my fate"; External: "Luck controls outcomes".
What is reaction formation as a defense mechanism?

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite behavior. Unconsciously converts forbidden desires into exaggerated opposites.
What is self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. High self-efficacy predicts persistence and achievement.
What is a defense mechanism in psychodynamic theory?

Unconscious strategy that reduces anxiety from conflict. Defense mechanisms protect the ego by unconsciously distorting reality to manage internal conflicts.
What is the primary goal of factor analysis in trait psychology?

Reduce many measures into a smaller set of underlying trait factors. Statistical method identifies core traits from many variables.
What is the core claim of the humanistic perspective on personality?

People strive for growth and self-actualization. Emphasizes inherent human potential and positive nature.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects emotional instability and anxiety?

Neuroticism. High neuroticism correlates with negative emotions and stress sensitivity.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects emotional instability and negative affect?

Neuroticism. High neuroticism correlates with anxiety, depression, and mood swings.
What is a state (as contrasted with a trait) in personality psychology?

A temporary, situation-dependent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. States fluctuate based on immediate circumstances, unlike stable traits.
What is repression as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, impulses, or memories. Primary defense mechanism that pushes threatening content from awareness.
What is the central claim of social-cognitive (social learning) personality theory?

Personality reflects reciprocal interactions among person, behavior, and environment. Personality emerges from dynamic three-way interactions.
What is the trait perspective on personality?

Personality consists of stable, measurable dispositions (traits). Trait theory focuses on identifying consistent behavioral patterns that define individual differences.
What is displacement as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Shifting emotion from a threatening target to a safer target. Redirecting anger from boss to family illustrates displacement.
Which assessment method is most associated with the humanistic approach to personality?

Self-report measures (for example, Q-sort for self-concept). Humanists emphasize subjective self-perception over objective tests.
What does it mean that a personality measure is reliable (test-retest reliability)?

It yields consistent scores across time for the same person. Reliable tests produce similar results when repeated.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects cooperativeness, trust, and empathy?

Agreeableness. High agreeableness facilitates social harmony and relationships.
What does the superego represent in Freud's theory?

Internalized moral standards (conscience/ideal self). Develops from parental and societal values.
What is the core claim of trait theory of personality?

Personality is described by stable, measurable traits across situations. Traits are consistent patterns that predict behavior across different contexts.
What does a high score on openness to experience most strongly indicate?

Curiosity, creativity, and preference for novelty. Linked to intellectual curiosity and artistic interests.
What does the id operate on in Freud's theory?

Pleasure principle. The id seeks immediate gratification of basic instincts without regard for reality or consequences.
What is the central claim of trait theory in personality psychology?

Personality is described by stable traits that vary across individuals. Traits are consistent patterns that distinguish people from one another.
What is Hans Eysenck's trait model and its core dimensions?

A 3-factor model: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism (PEN). Simplified trait models; psychoticism includes aggression and impulsivity.
What does the trait Conscientiousness primarily reflect in the Big Five model?

Organization, self-discipline, reliability, and goal-directed behavior. High conscientiousness predicts academic and work success.
Which defense mechanism is reverting to earlier developmental behaviors under stress?

Regression. Returns to childlike coping when overwhelmed.
What does the id operate on in Freud's model?

The pleasure principle. Seeks immediate gratification without considering consequences or reality.
What is the core idea of the social cognitive (social learning) perspective?

Personality is shaped by learning, cognition, and environment. This perspective integrates observational learning and cognitive processes with environmental influences on personality.
What does the superego represent in Freud's model?

Internalized moral standards and ideals (conscience and ego ideal). Develops from parental and societal values during childhood.
What is the central idea of humanistic personality theories?

People have free will and an innate drive toward growth and self-actualization. Emphasizes human potential over determinism or unconscious forces.
Which defense mechanism is returning to earlier developmental behaviors under stress?

Regression. Regression provides comfort by reverting to childlike behaviors during high-stress situations.
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Self-efficacy is belief in ability; self-esteem is overall self-worth. Efficacy is task-specific confidence; esteem is global self-evaluation.
Which Big Five trait is most directly associated with self-discipline and organization?

Conscientiousness. This trait involves planning, persistence, and goal-directed behavior.
What is self-efficacy in Bandura's social-cognitive theory?

Belief in one's ability to perform actions needed to reach goals. Confidence in capabilities influences motivation and achievement.
What is reaction formation as a defense mechanism?

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite. Defense mechanism where one acts opposite to hidden desires.
Which Big Five trait is most directly related to anxiety, moodiness, and emotional instability?

Neuroticism. High neuroticism indicates emotional volatility and stress sensitivity.
What is the primary operating principle of the ego in Freud's theory?

Reality principle. The ego mediates between id impulses and real-world constraints.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects organization and self-discipline?

Conscientiousness. High conscientiousness predicts achievement and goal-directed behavior.
What is Freud's structural model of personality (three components)?

Id, ego, superego. These three systems conflict to shape personality and behavior.
What is the difference between a trait and a state in personality psychology?

Trait is enduring; state is temporary and situation-dependent. Traits persist over time; states fluctuate with circumstances.
Which Big Five trait best predicts being organized and self-disciplined?

Conscientiousness. Reflects planning, reliability, and goal-directed behavior.
What is sublimation as a defense mechanism?

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially valued behavior. Most adaptive defense mechanism; transforms impulses productively.
What defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable impulses to others?

Projection. Seeing one's own flaws in others instead of acknowledging them.
What is the key claim of trait theory about personality compared with situation-based views?

Personality consists of stable traits that predict behavior across situations. Contrasts with situationist views that behavior varies by context.
Which defense mechanism is offering plausible but false explanations for behavior?

Rationalization. Creates logical excuses to justify unacceptable actions.
What is the interactionist view of personality and behavior?

Behavior results from interaction between traits and situations. Modern view: neither traits nor situations alone determine behavior.
Identify the defense mechanism: A student blames a professor for a poor grade due to lack of studying.

Rationalization. The student justifies failure with an external excuse to avoid acknowledging personal responsibility.
What is the defining feature of Allport's secondary traits?

Context-specific preferences or attitudes with limited influence. Secondary traits appear only in specific situations.
What is the central idea of trait theory in personality psychology?

Personality is described by stable, measurable traits. Traits are consistent patterns that predict behavior across situations.
What are the Big Five personality traits measured by the OCEAN model?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. OCEAN is the acronym for the five-factor model of personality.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects sociability, assertiveness, and positive affect?

Extraversion. Extraverts gain energy from social interaction; introverts from solitude.
What is Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism in social cognitive theory?

Person, environment, and behavior mutually influence each other. Triadic model shows bidirectional causation among three factors.
What is the Big Five (OCEAN) model of personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Five broad dimensions capture most personality variation.
What is the fundamental attribution error in personality judgment?

Overattributing others' behavior to traits and underattributing situations. We ignore situational factors when explaining others' actions.
What is the key distinction between a trait and a state in personality assessment?

Trait = enduring disposition; state = temporary condition or mood. Traits persist over time while states fluctuate with situations.
What is the defining feature of Allport's central traits?

A small set of general characteristics that describe a person. Central traits are 5-10 major characteristics that define someone.
What is the Big Five (OCEAN) model of personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Five fundamental dimensions capture most personality variation.
What is displacement as a defense mechanism?

Redirecting an impulse from a threatening target to a safer one. Protects original target while releasing emotional tension elsewhere.
What is Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard?

Acceptance and love without conditions, supporting healthy self-concept. Essential for developing authentic self-worth and growth.
What is projection as a defense mechanism?

Attributing one's unacceptable impulses to someone else. Defense mechanism protecting ego by externalizing internal conflicts.
What does it mean that a personality measure has construct validity?

It measures the intended trait and relates to theory-consistent outcomes. Valid tests accurately capture what they claim to measure.
What does the id operate on in Freud's theory?

Pleasure principle. Seeks immediate gratification without considering consequences.
What is the core assumption of trait theory in personality psychology?

Personality consists of stable, measurable traits that vary across people. Trait theorists believe personality traits are consistent and quantifiable.
What is a central trait in Allport's trait theory?

A major characteristic that commonly describes a person (core descriptors). 5-10 traits that friends would use to describe you.
What is the difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality?

Idiographic focuses on individuals; nomothetic seeks general laws. Idiographic studies unique cases; nomothetic finds patterns.
What is the primary function of the ego in Freud's structural model?

Reality-based mediator using the reality principle. Ego balances id's desires with external reality constraints.
Which defense mechanism is channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities?

Sublimation. Transforms negative urges into positive behaviors.
What does the ego operate on in Freud's theory?

Reality principle. Mediates between id desires and real-world constraints.
What is Freud's structural model of personality (three components)?

Id, ego, superego. The three structures that comprise personality in psychoanalytic theory.
What is a defense mechanism in psychodynamic theory?

Unconscious strategy to reduce anxiety from conflict. Protects ego from threatening thoughts or feelings.
What is the main contribution of Gordon Allport to trait theory?

He emphasized individual traits and distinguished cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Pioneered trait approach; created hierarchy of trait importance.
What is the purpose of a projective test in personality assessment?

Infer unconscious motives/conflicts from ambiguous stimuli. People project unconscious content onto ambiguous images.
Which defense mechanism is refusing to accept reality of a distressing fact?

Denial. Denial shields the psyche by rejecting painful truths that threaten emotional stability.
What is a trait in personality psychology?

A consistent, enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Traits remain relatively stable over time and contexts.
What is the key idea of the social cognitive perspective on personality?

Personality reflects reciprocal interactions among person, behavior, and context. These three factors continuously influence each other in a dynamic system.
What is the difference between a trait and a state in personality research?

Trait is enduring; state is temporary and situation-dependent. Traits persist across time; states fluctuate with context.
What is the key difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality?

Idiographic: individual-focused; Nomothetic: general laws across people. Allport distinguished between studying unique individuals vs. universal traits.
What is locus of control, and what does an internal locus indicate?

Belief about control of outcomes; internal means outcomes depend on one's actions. Internal locus means believing you control your own fate.
Identify the defense mechanism: channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable actions.

Sublimation. Transforms socially unacceptable urges into productive activities.
What is the definition of locus of control?

Beliefs about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally. Rotter's concept explaining perceived control over life events.
What is displacement as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Redirecting an impulse from a threatening target to a safer substitute. Protects original target while still expressing the emotional energy.
What is the key idea of the humanistic perspective on personality?

People have free will and an innate drive toward growth and self-actualization. Emphasizes human potential and the natural tendency to fulfill one's capabilities.
Which Big Five trait most directly reflects organization, self-discipline, and goal pursuit?

Conscientiousness. Predicts academic and work success through planning and persistence.
What does the ego represent in Freud's structural model of personality?

Reality-based mediator between id, superego, and environment. The ego balances competing demands using the reality principle.
What is the primary operating principle of the id in Freud's theory?

Pleasure principle. The id seeks immediate gratification of basic drives and desires.
What is Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard?

Acceptance and love without conditions. Essential for healthy development and self-esteem.
What is fixation in Freud's psychosexual stage theory?

Persistent focus on a stage due to unresolved conflict. Occurs when developmental needs aren't met at a psychosexual stage.
Which locus of control is shown by believing outcomes depend on one's own actions?

Internal locus of control. Internal locus associates with personal responsibility and agency.
Identify the concept: behavior is shaped by person, environment, and behavior interacting.

Reciprocal determinism (Bandura). Three factors mutually influence each other in continuous loops.
What is the central claim of the humanistic perspective on personality?

People strive for growth, meaning, and self-actualization. Humanistic theory views humans as inherently motivated toward personal fulfillment and authenticity.
Which assessment is an objective personality inventory often used clinically: MMPI or TAT?

MMPI. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory uses standardized questions.
Which Big Five trait most directly captures organization and self-discipline?

Conscientiousness. Predicts academic and work performance better than other traits.
What is the person–situation controversy in personality psychology?

Debate over whether traits or situations better predict behavior. Mischel challenged trait theory by showing situational variability.
What does the superego represent in Freud's structural model of personality?

Internalized moral standards; conscience and ideal self. The superego develops from parental and societal values.
What is a trait in the trait perspective on personality?

Stable, enduring tendency to think, feel, and act. Forms consistent patterns across situations.
What is the key idea of the psychodynamic perspective on personality?

Unconscious conflicts and early experiences shape personality and behavior. Emphasizes hidden motivations and childhood's lasting impact on adult personality.
What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN) in trait theory?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Five broad dimensions capture most personality variation.
Which Big Five trait is most directly associated with sociability and positive affect?

Extraversion. Extraverts seek social stimulation and experience more positive emotions.
What is the primary function of the id in Freud's structural model?

Immediate gratification via the pleasure principle. Id operates unconsciously, seeking instant pleasure without restraint.
What is the Big Five (OCEAN) model of personality?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. Five broad dimensions capture most personality variation.
What is displacement as a defense mechanism?

Redirecting an impulse to a safer substitute target. Redirects emotions from threatening to less threatening objects.
What are the three components of Freud's structural model of personality?

Id, ego, superego. Freud proposed these three structures to explain the psyche's internal conflicts and personality dynamics.
Which defense mechanism is attributing one's unacceptable impulses to others?

Projection. Projection defends against anxiety by externalizing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others.
Identify the term for a test that accurately measures the construct it claims to measure.

Validity. Test must measure what it purports to measure, not something else.
What is the primary role of the superego in Freud's theory?

Internalized moral standards; produces guilt and pride. The superego represents conscience and ideal self.
Identify the theory: personality is shaped by striving for self-actualization and unconditional positive regard.

Humanistic theory (Rogers). Rogers emphasized growth potential and need for acceptance.
What is repression as a Freudian defense mechanism?

Unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts from awareness. The ego pushes threatening material into the unconscious.
What is the main idea of Mischel's critique of trait theory (person–situation debate)?

Behavior is strongly shaped by situational factors, not only traits. Situations often override personality traits in determining behavior.
What is Raymond Cattell's major contribution to trait theory?

He used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors (16PF). Reduced thousands of trait words to 16 fundamental dimensions.

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