Language Development and Language–Thought Relationships (6B) - Psych & Soc

Identify the brain area most associated with language production and speech articulation.

Broca area. Located in left frontal lobe, damage causes production difficulties.
What is syntax in the context of language, and what does it govern?

Rules for arranging words into grammatically correct sentences. Determines word order and grammatical relationships in sentences.
What is the definition of telegraphic speech?

Two- to three-word utterances lacking function words. Contains content words but omits articles and prepositions.
What is the critical (sensitive) period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Optimal early-life window for native-like language learning. After puberty, achieving native fluency becomes much harder.
What does the behaviorist theory (Skinner) emphasize in language acquisition?

Operant conditioning: imitation plus reinforcement shapes language. Children learn through rewards and copying adults.
Identify the concept: a child says "two foots" after learning plural "-s".

Overgeneralization of morphology (irregular plural rule error). Child applies regular plural rule to irregular noun.
What is the definition of a phonological (speech sound) disorder?

Difficulty producing speech sounds correctly despite typical hearing. May involve substituting, omitting, or distorting speech sounds.
Which brain region is most associated with language comprehension?

Wernicke area (left posterior superior temporal gyrus). Damage causes receptive aphasia with fluent but nonsensical speech.
Which brain region is classically associated with language comprehension?

Wernicke area (posterior superior temporal gyrus). Damage here impairs understanding language (receptive aphasia).
What is syntax in language?

Rules governing how words are combined to form sentences. Determines word order and grammatical structure in sentences.
Which theory emphasizes reinforcement and imitation in language learning?

Behaviorist theory (Skinner). Views language as learned through conditioning and modeling.
What is prosody in spoken language?

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns that convey meaning. Suprasegmental features that add emotional and grammatical information.
Which theory states that language determines thought and perception (strong form)?

Linguistic determinism (Sapir-Whorf strong hypothesis). Proposes that the language we speak shapes our reality and cognition.
Identify the term for linking Broca and Wernicke areas; damage causes conduction aphasia.

Arcuate fasciculus. White matter tract connecting language production and comprehension areas.
Which brain area is most associated with language production?

Broca area (left inferior frontal gyrus). Damage causes expressive aphasia with effortful speech.
What is the definition of linguistic universalism regarding language and thought?

Thought is largely independent of language; universals dominate. Opposes Sapir-Whorf; cognition shapes language, not vice versa.
What is the typical age range for the one-word (holophrastic) stage?

Around $12$ to $18$ months. Single words represent entire thoughts or sentences.
Which theory states that language determines thought and perception most strongly?

Linguistic determinism (strong Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). Claims we can't think beyond our language's limits.
Identify the aphasia: fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia. Preserved fluency but impaired meaning indicates receptive damage.
What is linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf hypothesis) in its weak form?

Language influences thought and perception. Suggests language shapes but doesn't limit cognition.
What is the definition of babbling in infant language development?

Early vocalizations of repeated consonant-vowel sounds. Typically emerges around 6-8 months, like "bababa" or "dadada."
What is a holophrase in early language development?

A single word used to express a complete idea. Like 'milk!' meaning 'I want milk' - common around 12 months.
Identify the aphasia type: fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia. Patients produce word salad but can't understand others well.
What is the definition of babbling in infant language development?

Repetitive consonant-vowel sounds (for example, "ba-ba"). Occurs around 6-8 months, precedes meaningful words.
What is Broca aphasia, and what is the primary deficit?

Nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Broca aphasia arises from frontal lobe damage, disrupting motor aspects of speech while sparing understanding.
What is semantics in language?

Rules and meanings of words and sentences. Focuses on literal meaning, not context or usage.
What is the critical (sensitive) period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Language is most easily acquired during early childhood. After puberty, native-like fluency becomes difficult.
What is morphology in language, and what unit does it analyze?

Study of word structure using morphemes (smallest meaning units). Morphemes include roots, prefixes, and suffixes that carry meaning.
What is the typical sequence of early expressive language milestones?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word/telegraphic speech. Universal progression from simple sounds to complex utterances.
What is linguistic determinism as the strong form of Sapir-Whorf?

Language determines thought; cognition is constrained by language. Extreme view that language completely controls thinking.
What is overextension in child language development?

Using one word for a broader category than intended. Child applies word too broadly (e.g., "dog" for all animals).
What is Wernicke aphasia characterized by?

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension. Results from damage to Wernicke's area in temporal lobe.
What is syntax in linguistics?

Rules that govern word order and sentence structure. Syntax provides the structural framework for arranging words into coherent and grammatically correct sentences.
What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus in language processing?

Connects Broca and Wernicke areas; supports repetition and integration. White matter tract enabling communication between language regions.
What is the main claim of the nativist theory of language (Chomsky)?

Language ability is innate; humans have a language acquisition device. Children don't just imitate - they produce novel utterances.
What is the definition of morphemes in language?

Smallest units of meaning (words or meaningful parts). Include roots, prefixes, and suffixes that carry meaning.
What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus in language?

Connects Broca and Wernicke areas for repetition and integration. White matter tract enabling language area communication.
What is the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)?

Language influences or shapes thought and perception. Strong version: language determines thought; weak: language influences it.
What is telegraphic speech in early childhood?

Two- to three-word utterances lacking function words. Omits articles, prepositions (e.g., "Mommy go store").
Identify the aphasia: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia. Preserved comprehension but impaired production indicates frontal damage.
What is overextension in early language development?

Applying a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals "dog"). Common error where children overgeneralize word meanings.
What does the Sapir–Whorf (linguistic relativity) hypothesis claim?

Language influences or shapes habitual thought and perception. Suggests different languages create different worldviews.
What is underextension in early word learning?

Using a word too narrowly for a limited set of examples. Child only calls family pet "dog," not other dogs.
What does linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf hypothesis) claim about language and thought?

Language influences cognition and perception (strong vs weak forms). Your native language shapes how you think and perceive.
Identify the term for the inability to recall a word despite knowing it (a "tip-of-the-tongue" state).

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Demonstrates separation between semantic knowledge and lexical retrieval.
What is the definition of the language acquisition device (LAD) in nativism?

Innate mechanism for learning universal grammar. Chomsky's theory of biologically programmed language learning.
What is a morpheme?

Smallest unit of meaning in a language (e.g., roots, prefixes). Includes free morphemes (cat) and bound morphemes (-s).
What is child-directed speech (parentese), and what is its key feature?

Simplified, high-pitched, exaggerated intonation speech to infants. This speech style aids infant language acquisition by using clear, engaging patterns to highlight linguistic features.
What is morphology in language (as tested on the MCAT)?

Rules for word structure using morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units that build words.
What is pragmatics in language use?

Using language appropriately in context (social rules of language). Knowing when to be formal vs casual, or how to make requests politely.
Identify the lesion: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia (Broca area damage). Produces halting, telegraphic speech but understands others.
What is telegraphic speech in child language development?

Two-word utterances that omit function words (e.g., "want cookie"). Mimics telegram style - only essential content words included.
Which brain area is most associated with language comprehension?

Wernicke area (posterior superior temporal gyrus). Damage causes receptive aphasia with comprehension deficits.
What is pragmatics in language?

Use of language in context, including social rules and implied meaning. Includes tone, turn-taking, and understanding implied meanings.
What does the nativist theory propose about language acquisition?

Language ability is innate; humans have inborn language mechanisms. Chomsky's view: we're biologically wired for language.
What does the interactionist theory propose about language development?

Language develops from biology interacting with social environment. Combines nature (innate capacity) and nurture (social input).
What is semantics in language, and what does it primarily concern?

Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Studies how words and sentences convey meaning.
What does the nativist theory (Chomsky) propose about language development?

Language ability is innate; humans have a language acquisition device. Nativist theory posits an inherent biological mechanism that facilitates instinctive language acquisition in humans.
What is the definition of the McGurk effect?

Visual mouth movements alter perceived speech sounds (audiovisual integration). Seeing 'ga' while hearing 'ba' makes you perceive 'da'.
Identify the term: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word (for example, "book").

Free morpheme. Functions independently without needing other morphemes.
What is prosody in spoken language?

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns that shape meaning. How we say something affects what it means (e.g., sarcasm).
What is telegraphic speech, and what is characteristically omitted?

Early multiword speech omitting function words and inflections. Content words only, like "baby sleep" instead of "the baby is sleeping."
What is underextension in child language development?

Using one word for a narrower category than intended. Child restricts word meaning (e.g., "dog" only for family pet).
Which term describes the weaker view that language influences, but does not determine, thought?

Linguistic relativism (weak Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). Language shapes but doesn't completely control thinking.
What is syntax in language, and what does it govern?

Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. Determines proper word order and phrase structure in sentences.
What is overextension in early childhood language development?

Using a word too broadly (e.g., calling all men "daddy"). Child applies word beyond its correct referent category.
What is babbling in infant language development?

Early vocalization of repeated consonant-vowel sounds (e.g., "ba-ba"). Precedes meaningful speech, typically emerging around 6 months.
What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?

Phoneme = smallest sound unit; morpheme = smallest meaning unit. Phonemes distinguish words (e.g., /b/ vs /p/); morphemes carry meaning.
What is the main claim of the linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf) hypothesis?

Language influences thought and perception of reality. Suggests language structure shapes how speakers think and perceive.
Identify the brain area most associated with language comprehension.

Wernicke area. Located in left temporal lobe, processes language meaning.
What is the definition of babbling in infant language development?

Repetitive consonant–vowel sounds (e.g., "ba-ba") before true words. Precedes first words around 6-10 months of age.
Which concept explains why it is harder to distinguish two colors that share a single name in one language?

Linguistic relativity. Language categories influence perception and discrimination.
What is a phoneme?

Smallest unit of sound that can change meaning in a language. Like /p/ vs /b/ distinguishing "pat" from "bat".
What is syntax in language (as tested on the MCAT)?

Rules for arranging words into grammatical sentences. Determines the grammatical order and structure of sentences.
Identify the aphasia: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia. Patients understand but struggle to produce fluent speech.
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)?

Language influences thought and perception. Language structure shapes cognitive processes and worldview.
What is telegraphic speech in early childhood?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases lacking function words. Omits articles and prepositions: "Mommy go" instead of "Mommy is going."
Identify the term for a child using one word to express a whole idea (for example, "milk" meaning "I want milk").

Holophrastic speech. Single words carry complete thoughts in early language development.
What is the difference between linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism?

Relativity: language influences thought; determinism: language determines thought. Relativity is weaker claim; determinism claims language controls thought.
What is Wernicke aphasia, and what is the primary deficit?

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension. Wernicke aphasia results from temporal lobe damage, impairing semantic processing and leading to incoherent output.
Identify the diagnosis: fluent speech with poor comprehension and nonsensical content after a lesion.

Wernicke aphasia. Fluent but meaningless speech indicates comprehension damage.
Which brain region is most associated with speech production?

Broca area (left inferior frontal gyrus). Damage causes expressive aphasia with effortful, telegraphic speech.
What is overregularization in child language development?

Applying grammatical rules too broadly (for example, "goed"). Shows understanding of rules but hasn't learned exceptions yet.
What is overregularization in language development?

Applying grammar rules too broadly (for example, "goed"). Shows children actively learn rules, not just imitate.
What is the definition of pragmatics in language?

Use of language in context to achieve goals. Includes turn-taking, politeness, and implied meanings.
Which brain area is primarily responsible for language comprehension?

Wernicke area (dominant hemisphere, usually left). Located in temporal lobe; damage causes receptive aphasia.
What is the definition of phonemes in language?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning. Like /p/ vs /b/ in "pat" vs "bat" - changing one changes meaning.
What is a morpheme?

Smallest unit of meaning in a language. Can be a whole word ("cat") or part ("un-" in "unhappy").
Identify the term: adding meaning via prefixes or suffixes (for example, "un-" or "-ed").

Bound morpheme. Cannot stand alone; must attach to other morphemes.
What is Wernicke aphasia most specifically characterized by?

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension. Damage to left temporal lobe affects language understanding.
Which option best describes the McGurk effect in speech perception?

Visual mouth movements alter perceived spoken sounds. Hearing "ba" while seeing "ga" lip movements produces "da" perception.
What does the critical (sensitive) period hypothesis propose about language?

Language is most easily acquired early; later acquisition is less complete. Explains why adult language learners rarely achieve native fluency.
What is pragmatics in language use?

How context and social rules shape language meaning. Pragmatics examines how situational context and social norms influence the intended meaning of utterances.
What is the definition of phonemes in language development?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning in a language. Like 'p' vs 'b' - changing one sound changes the word's meaning.
What is child-directed speech (CDS), also called motherese?

Simplified, high-pitched, exaggerated intonation speech to infants. Adults naturally modify speech to help infants learn language.
What is overextension in early language development?

Using one word for a broader category than intended. Child might call all four-legged animals "dog."
What is the definition of morphemes in language development?

Smallest units of meaning in a language (e.g., roots, prefixes). Can't be broken down further while retaining meaning (un-, -ed, cat).
What is syntax in language?

Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. Determines proper word order and sentence structure.
What is underextension in child language development?

Using a word too narrowly (word for only one specific example). Child might use "dog" only for their pet, not other dogs.
What is the definition of phonemes in language?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning in a language. Like 'p' vs 'b' - changing one sound changes word meaning.
What is overregularization in child language development?

Applying regular grammar rules to irregular forms (for example, "goed"). Shows children actively learn grammar rules, not just imitate.
What is the primary function of the arcuate fasciculus in language?

Connects Broca and Wernicke areas for speech production and comprehension. This bundle of fibers integrates auditory comprehension with motor speech output for coordinated language function.
What is the social interactionist view of language development?

Language develops through social interaction and caregiver scaffolding. Emphasizes role of social context and adult support.
What is the critical (sensitive) period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Language is most easily acquired early in life; ability declines with age. This hypothesis identifies a biologically timed window in early development for optimal language learning efficiency.
What is a morpheme in linguistics?

Smallest unit of meaning (word or meaningful part of a word). Can be a whole word (cat) or part (un- in unhappy).
Which theory states that language influences thought but does not determine it?

Linguistic relativity (weak Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). Language shapes but doesn't limit cognitive possibilities.
What is underextension in early language development?

Using a word for a narrower category than intended. Child might use "dog" only for their pet, not other dogs.
What is semantics in linguistics?

Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Semantics focuses on the interpretation and literal significance embedded in linguistic expressions.
What is holophrastic speech in early language development?

Single-word utterances used to convey whole ideas. Holophrastic speech enables toddlers to express complete thoughts efficiently using minimal verbal output.
What is syntax in the study of language?

Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. Governs how words arrange to form grammatical sentences.
What is syntax in the context of language?

Rules governing word order and sentence structure. Determines whether 'dog bites man' or 'man bites dog'.
What is babbling in infant language development?

Early repetitive consonant–vowel sounds (for example, "ba-ba"). Babbling allows infants to experiment with phoneme combinations, building foundational skills for later word formation.
What is telegraphic speech in early language development?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases omitting function words. Telegraphic speech prioritizes essential nouns and verbs to convey core messages without grammatical fillers.
What is the typical age range for the one-word (holophrastic) stage?

About $12$ to $18$ months. Single words express complete thoughts ('milk' = 'I want milk').
Which brain area is most associated with language comprehension (meaning)?

Wernicke area (posterior superior temporal gyrus, usually left). Damage causes fluent but meaningless speech output.
What is the definition of morphemes in language?

Smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphemes function as the basic semantic elements, combining to form words and convey specific meanings.
What does the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity) claim?

Language influences thought and perception of reality. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that linguistic structures shape cognitive processes and worldview interpretations.
What is phonology in the study of language?

Rules for sound patterns and sound combinations in a language. Governs which sounds can occur and how they combine.
What is the typical sequence of early language development milestones?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word → telegraphic speech. Progresses from simple sounds to complex word combinations.
Which developmental phenomenon is shown by a child saying "mouses" instead of "mice"?

Overregularization. Child applies regular plural rule (-s) to irregular noun.
What does the behaviorist theory (Skinner) emphasize about language learning?

Language is learned via operant conditioning, imitation, and reinforcement. Contrasts with Chomsky's innate language acquisition device.
What does the linguistic universality hypothesis claim about language and thought?

Thought is largely independent of language; language labels concepts. Opposes Whorfian view; cognition precedes language.
What is conduction aphasia, and what is the hallmark deficit?

Impaired repetition with relatively fluent speech and comprehension. Conduction aphasia occurs due to disrupted neural connections, specifically affecting the ability to repeat phrases.
What is underextension in early word learning?

Using a word too narrowly (restricted to a specific instance). Child only calls their pet 'dog', not other dogs.
What is linguistic universality, and what does it claim about language and thought?

Thought is largely independent of language; cognition is broadly universal. Opposes Sapir-Whorf; proposes universal cognitive processes.
What is the definition of phonemes in language?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning in a language. Phonemes serve as the fundamental auditory components that alter word meanings, enabling distinction between similar-sounding terms.
What is the difference between a signifier and a signified in linguistics?

Signifier = form; signified = concept/meaning. Saussure's distinction between the word itself and what it represents.
What is the definition of the critical period for language acquisition?

Developmental window when language is acquired most easily and fully. Typically ends around puberty; later learning is harder.
Identify the term for using context to interpret an ambiguous statement in conversation.

Pragmatic inference. Like understanding "Can you pass the salt?" as a request, not a question.
What does the interactionist theory emphasize about language development?

Language emerges from biology interacting with social/environmental input. Combines nature (biology) and nurture (environment) perspectives.
What deficit characterizes Wernicke aphasia?

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension. Patients speak fluently but words lack meaningful content.
What is phonology in the study of language?

Rules for sound patterns (phonemes) in a language. Studies how sounds combine and pattern in speech.
What is the typical age range for the two-word (telegraphic) stage?

Around $18$ to $24$ months. Simple combinations like 'want milk' omit function words.
What is pragmatics in language?

Use of language in social context; implied meaning. Includes tone, context, and nonverbal communication.
Which brain area is most associated with language production (speech generation)?

Broca area (inferior frontal gyrus, usually left hemisphere). Damage causes nonfluent, effortful speech production.
What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus in language processing?

Connects Broca and Wernicke areas; supports repetition and integration. White matter tract enabling language area communication.
What is a language acquisition device (LAD) in nativist theory?

Hypothesized innate brain mechanism for acquiring grammar. Chomsky's proposed biological grammar processor.
What is the nativist (Chomsky) explanation of language acquisition?

Innate language acquisition device and universal grammar. Humans have biological predisposition for language learning.
What is prosody in spoken language?

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns of speech. Prosody adds emotional and structural nuance to speech through variations in pitch, rhythm, and emphasis.
What is a critical period for language acquisition?

Limited developmental window when language is learned most easily. After puberty, acquiring native-like fluency becomes much harder.
What is syntax in the context of language?

Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. Governs word order and sentence structure in a language.
What is the typical order of early language milestones?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word → complex sentences. Universal sequence across cultures and languages.
What is syntax in language?

Rules for arranging words into grammatically correct sentences. Determines word order and sentence structure.
What is the difference between a holophrase and telegraphic speech?

Holophrase: one word conveys a full idea; telegraphic: two words. Both lack grammatical complexity but differ in word count.
Which theory states that language influences thought but does not fully determine it (weak form)?

Linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf weak hypothesis). Suggests language affects but doesn't completely control thinking.
Identify the correct match: arcuate fasciculus damage causes which aphasia?

Conduction aphasia. Arcuate fasciculus lesions sever the link between comprehension and production areas, leading to repetition deficits.
Which theory states that language determines thought (strongest language–thought claim)?

Linguistic determinism (strong Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). Claims we can only think within our language's constraints.
What is overgeneralization in child language development?

Applying a grammatical rule too broadly (for example, "goed"). Overgeneralization reflects children's internalization of rules but incomplete grasp of irregular exceptions.
Identify the deficit most linked to arcuate fasciculus damage: comprehension and speech intact but cannot repeat.

Conduction aphasia. Disconnection prevents word repetition despite intact areas.
What is the definition of a language acquisition device (LAD)?

Innate mechanism proposed to facilitate rapid language learning. Chomsky's theory of hardwired language learning capacity.
What is the definition of phonemes in language?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning. Like /p/ vs /b/, changing one phoneme changes word meaning.
Identify the term for the musical rhythm and pitch patterns of speech.

Prosody. Includes intonation, stress, and rhythm that convey emotion/emphasis.
What is syntax in language?

Rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. Governs word order and sentence structure in a language.
Which brain area is most associated with language production (expressive language)?

Broca area. Located in left frontal lobe; damage causes production deficits.
What is the definition of morphemes in language?

Smallest units of meaning in a language (words or meaningful parts). Can be whole words ('cat') or parts like '-ed' that carry meaning.
What is pragmatics in language use?

How context and social rules shape meaning in communication. Considers speaker intent and situational factors.
What is a phoneme?

Smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning. Like /p/ vs /b/ in "pat" and "bat" - changes word meaning.
What is the typical order of early language development milestones?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word/telegraphic → complex. Progresses from simple sounds to complex grammar by age 5.
What is telegraphic speech in early childhood language?

Two-word, content-heavy speech with function words omitted. Resembles telegram style: 'want cookie' instead of 'I want a cookie'.
At approximately what age do children typically begin producing one-word (holophrastic) utterances?

Around 12 months. First meaningful words appear around first birthday.
What is semantics in language?

Rules and meanings of words and how meaning is derived. Focuses on literal meaning rather than grammar or context.
At approximately what age do children typically begin producing two-word combinations?

Around 18 to 24 months. Simple phrases like "want milk" emerge during this period.
What is the definition of a language acquisition device (LAD) in nativist theory?

Innate cognitive capacity that facilitates learning language rules. Chomsky's proposed biological mechanism for grammar acquisition.
What is meant by overregularization in child language development?

Applying grammatical rules too broadly (for example, "goed"). Shows children actively construct grammar rules, not just imitate.
Identify the language deficit: fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia. Produces fluent nonsense; cannot understand others.
Identify the language–thought effect when bilinguals shift personality across languages.

Linguistic relativity (language influences cognition and behavior). Language shapes thought patterns and behavioral tendencies.
What is pragmatics in language?

Use of language in social context (speaker intent and norms). Includes tone, formality, and implied meanings in conversation.
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes in language?

Phonemes are smallest sound units; morphemes are smallest meaning units. Phonemes create words through sound; morphemes carry meaning.
Identify the concept: children use language to guide behavior during difficult tasks.

Vygotsky private speech (self-directed speech). Internalized speech helps regulate behavior and problem-solving.
What does social interactionist theory emphasize about language development?

Language develops through social interaction and communicative intent. Combines innate capacity with environmental input.
What is prosody, and which features of speech does it include?

Intonation, stress, rhythm, and speech rate patterns. Conveys emotion and meaning through vocal variations.
What is the McGurk effect?

Visual mouth movements alter perceived speech sounds. Shows integration of visual and auditory language processing.
What is prosody in spoken language?

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns of speech. Conveys emotion and emphasis through vocal variations.
What does the universalist view claim about the relationship between language and thought?

Thought is largely independent of language; language labels preexisting concepts. Cognition exists separately; language merely expresses it.
What is telegraphic speech in early childhood?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases lacking function words. Omits articles, prepositions like "Mommy go store".
Identify the best term: A child says "goed" after learning "walked" and "played."

Overregularization (overgeneralizing a grammatical rule). Shows understanding of '-ed' rule but applies it incorrectly to irregulars.
What does the linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf) hypothesis claim?

Language influences thought and perception. Different languages shape different ways of thinking about reality.
What is the term for one-word utterances in infants (around age $1$ year)?

Holophrases. Single words express complete thoughts ('milk' = 'I want milk').
Which brain area is most associated with language comprehension (receptive language)?

Wernicke area. Located in left temporal lobe; damage impairs understanding.
What is a phoneme contrast example: /r/ vs /l/ in English primarily reflects which domain?

Phonology (distinct speech sounds that change meaning). Different phonemes create minimal pairs like "rice" vs "lice."
What is Wernicke aphasia (receptive aphasia)?

Fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension. Patients speak fluently but words lack coherent meaning.
What is the nativist (Chomsky) theory of language acquisition?

Innate language capacity (LAD/UG) enables rapid grammar learning. Children born with biological grammar-learning mechanism.
What is telegraphic speech?

Speech with mostly nouns and verbs, omitting function words. Like 'baby sleep' instead of 'the baby is sleeping.'
What is the definition of a phonological (sound-based) disorder?

Difficulty producing or organizing speech sounds appropriately. Phonological disorders stem from challenges in articulating or sequencing sounds, impacting speech clarity.
What is semantics in the context of language?

Rules and meanings of words and sentences. Encompasses both lexical meaning and sentence interpretation.
What does the behaviorist theory (Skinner) propose about language development?

Language is learned via reinforcement, punishment, and imitation. Behaviorist theory explains language as a conditioned response shaped by environmental feedback and modeling.
What is overgeneralization as a language acquisition error?

Applying grammatical rules too broadly (e.g., "goed" instead of "went"). Shows children actively learn rules but haven't mastered exceptions.
What is telegraphic speech in early language development?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases lacking function words. Omits articles and auxiliary verbs, like telegrams (e.g., "want cookie").
Identify the phenomenon: a bilingual speaker switches languages within a conversation to fit context.

Code-switching. Adapts language choice to social situation or audience.
What is pragmatics in the study of language?

Use of language in context to achieve communicative goals. Examines how context shapes language use and interpretation.
Which view states that thought can occur without language and language only labels ideas?

Linguistic universalism. Opposes Sapir-Whorf; cognition is independent of language.
What is the definition of telegraphic speech in early childhood?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases lacking function words. "Mommy go" or "want cookie" - omits articles and auxiliaries.
What is the behaviorist (Skinner) explanation of language acquisition?

Language learned via operant conditioning and reinforcement. Children imitate and are rewarded for correct language use.
What is semantics in language?

Rules and meanings of words and sentences. Focuses on literal meaning, not context or social use.
What is linguistic determinism (strong Sapir–Whorf claim)?

Language determines thought and limits conceptualization. Extreme view that language completely constrains possible thoughts.
What is the definition of prosody in spoken language?

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns that convey meaning/emotion. How we say something often matters as much as what we say.
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes in language?

Phonemes are smallest sounds; morphemes are smallest meaning units. Phonemes create sound differences; morphemes carry semantic content.
Identify the language component tested by: "The cat sat on the mat." word order.

Syntax. Tests grammatical arrangement of words in sentences.
What is the definition of the LAD (language acquisition device) proposed by Chomsky?

Innate mechanism for acquiring grammar from limited input. Explains how children master complex grammar despite sparse input.
Identify the language deficit: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia. Understands language but struggles to produce words.
What is semantics in the study of language?

Meaning of words and sentences. Studies how words and sentences convey meaning.
What is overextension in early word learning?

Using a word too broadly for many similar objects. Child calls all four-legged animals "dog."
What is the typical hallmark of the one-word stage of language development?

Holophrastic speech (single meaningful words). Occurs around 12-18 months of age.
What is syntax in language?

Rules for arranging words into grammatically correct sentences. Determines word order and sentence structure.
Which option best describes the universalist view of language and cognition?

Thought is largely independent of language; language labels preexisting concepts. Universalist perspective maintains that cognition operates universally, with language serving merely as a naming tool.
What is the dual-coding theory claim about how information is represented in memory?

Information is stored in verbal codes and nonverbal (imagery) codes. Combines linguistic and visual processing for better recall.
What is the typical age range for the babbling stage of language development?

Around $4$ to $6$ months (often continuing into later infancy). Babies produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds like 'bababa'.
What is morphology in linguistics?

Rules for word formation from morphemes (smallest meaning units). Studies how meaningful units combine to create words.
What is semantics in language?

Rules and meanings of words and sentences. Concerns what words and sentences mean.
What is the definition of syntax in language?

Rules governing sentence structure and word order. Determines whether "Dog bites man" differs from "Man bites dog."
What is a morpheme?

Smallest unit of meaning (root, prefix, suffix). Can't be broken down further without losing meaning (e.g., 'un-', 'cat', '-s').
What does the Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis claim about language and thought?

Language shapes or influences patterns of thought and perception. Also called Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; language determines thought.
Which brain area is most associated with language comprehension (receptive language)?

Wernicke area. Located in left temporal lobe; damage impairs understanding.
What is morphology in the study of language?

Rules for word structure and formation (morphemes). Analyzes how meaningful units combine to form words.
Identify the lesion: fluent but nonsensical speech with poor comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia (Wernicke area damage). Produces fluent "word salad" speech without meaningful content.
What is the definition of semantics in language?

Rules for deriving meaning from words and sentences. Explains why "bank" can mean financial institution or river edge.
Which brain area is most associated with language comprehension?

Wernicke area (left temporal lobe). Damage causes difficulty understanding language.
What is the typical sequence of early language development stages?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word → telegraphic speech. Universal progression across cultures and languages.
What is linguistic universalism regarding language and thought?

Thought is largely independent of language; language mainly expresses ideas. Contrasts with Sapir-Whorf; cognition shapes language, not vice versa.
Identify the term for the smallest unit of sound that changes meaning.

Phoneme. Distinguishes meaning between words like 'pat' and 'bat'.
Which brain region is classically associated with speech production?

Broca area (left inferior frontal gyrus). Damage here causes difficulty producing speech (expressive aphasia).
What is underextension in early childhood language development?

Using a word too narrowly (e.g., "dog" only for the family dog). Child restricts word to subset of appropriate referents.
What is overextension in early word learning?

Using a word too broadly (one word applied to many objects). Child calls all four-legged animals 'dog'.
What does the behaviorist theory propose about language acquisition?

Language is learned via reinforcement, imitation, and conditioning. Skinner's view: language is shaped by environment.
Identify the aphasia: fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia. Patients speak fluently but words lack meaningful content.
Which term names the smallest unit of sound in a language that can change meaning?

Phoneme. Like 'p' vs 'b' in 'pat' and 'bat' - changes word meaning.
What is semantics in language?

Meaning of words and sentences. Focuses on literal meaning, not context-dependent interpretation.
What is the language acquisition device (LAD) proposed by Chomsky?

Hypothesized innate mechanism for acquiring grammar. Part of Chomsky's nativist theory of language.
What is overregularization in child language development?

Applying regular grammar rules to irregular cases (for example, "goed"). Shows children understand grammar rules but overapply them.
What is underextension in early language development?

Using a word too narrowly (e.g., "dog" only for the family pet). Children restrict word meaning more than adults do.
What is the definition of a critical (sensitive) period for language acquisition?

Time window when language learning is easiest and most robust. Typically birth to puberty; later learning is harder and less native-like.
What does linguistic universalism argue about language and thought?

Cognition is largely independent of language; language reflects thought. Opposes Sapir-Whorf; all humans think similarly regardless of language.
What is overregularization in child language development?

Applying grammar rules too broadly (e.g., "goed" for "went"). Shows children understand rules but overapply them.
Which option best fits linguistic relativity: color terms differ across languages, altering discrimination?

Language influences perception (linguistic relativity). Language affects but doesn't determine perceptual abilities.
What is Broca aphasia most specifically characterized by?

Nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension. Damage to left frontal lobe affects speech production.
What is the typical meaning of the "holophrastic" stage?

Single words are used to convey whole ideas. Around 12-18 months; "milk" means "I want milk."
What is pragmatics, and what aspect of language use does it emphasize?

How context and social rules shape meaning in communication. Studies how situation and social factors affect interpretation.
Identify the term for the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Morpheme. Can be a whole word ('cat') or part ('un-' in 'undo').
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes in language structure?

Phonemes are smallest sounds; morphemes are smallest meaning units. Phonemes create sound distinctions; morphemes carry semantic content.
What is child-directed speech (parentese), and what is its typical feature?

Caregiver speech with exaggerated prosody and simplified structure. Higher pitch and slower tempo help infants learn language.
Identify the aphasia type: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia. Patients understand but struggle to produce grammatical speech.
What is telegraphic speech in early childhood language?

Two- to three-word utterances lacking function words (e.g., "want cookie"). Omits articles, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs.
What is linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf hypothesis) in its strong form?

Language determines thought and perception. Claims we can't think beyond our language's limits.
What does the interactionist theory propose about language development?

Language develops from biology interacting with social environment. Interactionist theory highlights the synergy between genetic predispositions and social interactions in fostering language skills.
What is semantics in language (as tested on the MCAT)?

Meaning of words and sentences. Focuses on how words and sentences convey meaning.
Identify the concept: inability to distinguish two phonemes not used in one's native language.

Perceptual narrowing for nonnative phonemic contrasts. Early exposure tunes perception to native language sounds only.
What is the typical age range for the two-word stage in language development?

About $18$ to $24$ months. Children combine two words to express relationships.
Identify the lesion result: fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension.

Wernicke aphasia. Patients speak fluently but content is nonsensical ('word salad').
Identify the diagnosis: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension after a lesion.

Broca aphasia. Effortful speech with preserved understanding indicates production damage.
What is telegraphic speech in early language development?

Two-word, content-heavy speech lacking function words (e.g., "want cookie"). Omits articles, prepositions; keeps only essential words.
What does the critical period hypothesis propose about language acquisition?

Language is most easily acquired during an early developmental window. After puberty, language learning becomes significantly harder.
Identify the language–thought concept: "A word's availability speeds recognition."

Linguistic relativity (weak form): language can bias cognition/perception. Having a word for something makes it easier to perceive/remember.
What is the definition of morphemes in language?

Smallest units of meaning (roots, prefixes, suffixes). "Un-" in "unhappy" or "cat" in "cats" are examples.
What is Broca aphasia characterized by?

Nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension. Results from damage to Broca's area in frontal lobe.
What is pragmatics in language, and what does it emphasize?

Use of language in context (social rules, implied meaning, intent). Considers how context shapes interpretation beyond literal meaning.
What is phonology in language (as tested on the MCAT)?

Rules for speech sounds (phonemes) in a language. Studies how sounds combine to form meaningful units in a language system.
Which brain area is most associated with speech production (expressive language)?

Broca area. Located in left frontal lobe; damage causes production deficits.
Identify the language component tested by: "The plural of cat is cats."

Morphology. Deals with plural formation rules (morpheme combination).
Which brain area is most associated with language production (speech generation)?

Broca area (left frontal lobe). Damage causes difficulty producing fluent speech.
What is semantics in linguistics and language processing?

The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Focuses on meaning rather than structure or sounds.
What is Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia)?

Nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension. Patients understand but struggle to produce fluent speech.
Identify the lesion result: nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension.

Broca aphasia. Patients understand but struggle to produce fluent speech.
What is the main claim of nativist theory (Chomsky) about language acquisition?

Language ability is innate; children have an inborn capacity for grammar. Contrasts with behaviorist view of learning through environment.
What does behaviorist theory (Skinner) emphasize about language learning?

Language is learned through reinforcement, punishment, and imitation. Views language as learned behavior, not innate ability.
What is the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition?

Language is most easily acquired in early childhood; later learning is harder. Suggests biological readiness for language peaks before puberty.
What is syntax in the context of language structure?

Rules that govern word order and sentence structure. Determines how words combine to form grammatical sentences.
Which language–thought hypothesis states that thought can occur independently of language?

Cognitive universality (language-independent thought). Opposes Sapir-Whorf; thought exists without linguistic constraints.
What is the definition of morphemes in language?

Smallest units of meaning (words or meaningful word parts). Includes prefixes, suffixes, and root words that carry meaning.
What is the definition of phonemes in language?

Smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning in a language. Like 'p' vs 'b' - changing one sound changes the word's meaning.
Which brain area is primarily responsible for language production?

Broca area (dominant hemisphere, usually left). Located in frontal lobe; damage causes expressive aphasia.
What is the definition of the holophrastic stage?

One-word utterances used to express whole ideas. "Milk!" might mean "I want milk" at around 12-18 months.
What is linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf hypothesis)?

Language influences thought and perception. Suggests language structure shapes how we think about the world.
What is the definition of the linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf) hypothesis?

Language influences or shapes thought and perception. Suggests speakers of different languages think differently.
What is overextension in child language development?

Using a word too broadly (one word for many objects). Child might call all four-legged animals "dog."
What is a phoneme?

Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning. Like /p/ vs /b/ in English, changing the phoneme changes the word's meaning.
What is the typical sequence of early expressive language milestones?

Cooing → babbling → one-word → two-word/telegraphic → complex speech. This sequence illustrates the progressive development of expressive language from basic sounds to sophisticated structures.
What is pragmatics in language use?

Using language appropriately based on social and situational context. Considers speaker, listener, and situation for effective communication.
What is pragmatics in language (as tested on the MCAT)?

Use of language in social context (intent, conversational rules). Considers how context and social norms shape language use.
What is semantics in language, and what does it focus on?

Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Examines literal and conceptual meanings in language.
What is child-directed speech (motherese), and what is its key feature?

Simplified, high-pitched, exaggerated intonation speech to infants. Helps infants distinguish speech sounds and learn language patterns.
What does linguistic determinism specifically claim about language and thought?

Language determines and constrains what people can think. Linguistic determinism views language as the primary framework limiting and defining possible thought patterns.
At approximately what age does canonical babbling typically begin?

Around 6 months. Repetitive consonant-vowel combinations emerge at this age.
What is the typical hallmark of the two-word stage of language development?

Telegraphic speech (two-word, content-heavy phrases). Like 'mommy go' - occurs around 18-24 months.
What deficit characterizes Broca aphasia?

Nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively intact comprehension. Patients understand but struggle to produce fluent speech.
What is telegraphic speech in child language development?

Two-word, content-heavy phrases lacking function words (e.g., "want cookie"). Omits articles and auxiliary verbs, focusing on essential meaning.
What is holophrastic (one-word) speech in early development?

Single words used to express complete ideas (e.g., "milk" = want milk). Occurs around 12 months when infants compress full thoughts into one word.
What is phonology in language, and what does it study?

Study of sound systems and rules for speech sounds in a language. Analyzes how sounds pattern and combine in specific languages.

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