Figurative Language
Interpretation
Learn to recognize and interpret similes, metaphors, personification, and other figurative devices so you can unlock the deeper meaning behind what authors really say.
What Is Figurative Language?
When writers use words in a way that goes beyond their literal (dictionary) meaning, they are using figurative language. Instead of stating facts directly, they paint pictures, create comparisons, and stir emotions.
Why Figurative Language Matters on the ISEE
The ISEE Reading Comprehension section often asks you to figure out what an author really means when using figurative language. You will not find the answer word-for-word in the passage: you must interpret the image or comparison.
The Big Six Types to Know
Simile: Comparison with "Like" or "As"
A simile compares two unlike things using the signal words "like" or "as." The comparison highlights a shared quality between the two things.
Metaphor: A Direct Comparison
A metaphor says one thing is another thing, without using "like" or "as." It is a stronger, more direct comparison than a simile.
Key Distinction: Simile vs. Metaphor
| Simile | Metaphor | |
|---|---|---|
| Signal Words | "like" or "as" | None: says "is" directly |
| Strength | Softer, suggests similarity | Stronger, asserts identity |
| Example | "He ran like the wind." | "He was the wind." |
| Interpretation | He ran very fast | He was unstoppable, swift |
Personification: Giving Objects Human Traits
Personification gives human qualities: feelings, actions, or characteristics: to something that is not human. It helps readers connect emotionally with non-human things.
Hyperbole and Idioms
"I've told you a million times!" means "I've told you many times."
"She let the cat out of the bag" means she revealed a secret.
The Core Interpretation Rule
Step-by-Step Interpretation Method
Worked Example: Simile
Worked Example: Personification
Worked Example: Hyperbole in Context
Step 1: "Fly to the moon" is a hyperbole: an extreme exaggeration. Jamal cannot literally fly.
Step 2: The exaggeration describes his emotional state after seeing great grades.
Step 3: Flying to the moon = feeling incredibly happy, proud, and on top of the world.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Summary of Figurative Language Types
| Type | How to Spot It | How to Interpret It |
|---|---|---|
| Simile | "like" or "as" | Find the shared quality |
| Metaphor | "is" / "was" (no signal word) | What does X suggest about Y? |
| Personification | Human verb + non-human subject | What emotion is conveyed? |
| Hyperbole | Extreme exaggeration | What is the real intensity? |
| Idiom | Phrase makes no literal sense | What is the cultural meaning? |
| Onomatopoeia | Word sounds like the noise | What sensory effect is created? |
Question 1 of 5
"After weeks of studying, Priya walked into the exam room and felt a wave of calm wash over her. She knew the material inside and out."
In this passage, the phrase "a wave of calm washed over her" most likely means that Priya:
Question 2 of 5
"The ancient oak tree stood guard at the entrance to the park, its gnarled branches reaching out like protective arms."
The author uses figurative language in this sentence primarily to suggest that the tree:
Question 3 of 5
"Marcus had been waiting for this moment for months. When the coach finally called his name, his heart exploded with joy."
The phrase "his heart exploded with joy" is an example of:
Question 4 of 5
"The news of the cancelled field trip hit the students like a ton of bricks. The room fell silent, and several students stared at their desks."
Based on the figurative language, how did the students most likely feel when they heard the news?
Question 5 of 5
"Every morning, the sun tiptoed over the mountains and gently painted the valley in shades of gold. It was Elena's favorite time of day."
The author's use of figurative language in this passage creates a mood that is best described as: