Practice Test 80 - High School Biology

20 questions. Answer them in any order, then submit to see your score and every explanation.

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1. Which statement best explains why a nerve cell does not normally make large amounts of muscle proteins (even though it contains the genes for them)?
2. Which choice correctly matches each process with its main cellular location and energy transformation? (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are described by these overall equations.) Photosynthesis: $6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$ Respiration: $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{ATP}$
3. Two students make models of what happens after eating lunch. Model 1: Digestive system → (nutrients) → Circulatory system → (nutrients) → Body cells Model 2: Digestive system → (nutrients) → Body cells (no other boxes) Which statement best compares the models?
4. A coding DNA sequence changes from ATG-AAA-GGC to ATG-AAT-GGC due to a substitution (one base replaced in the second codon). Without using a codon table, what is the best prediction about the protein?
5. A model uses labels for energy forms at different points: the arrow from the Sun is labeled "light energy," and the arrow leaving photosynthesis toward glucose is labeled "chemical energy." Which interpretation is correct?
6. A cell has 10 chromosomes. After DNA replication in interphase, the cell enters prophase. Which statement is correct at the start of prophase?
7. Two genes in the same organism have different base sequences. Gene X has one sequence and Gene Y has a different sequence. What is the best conclusion about these two genes?
8. In humans, independent assortment alone can produce about $2^{23}$ (about 8 million) different chromosome combinations in a person's gametes. Which statement best describes why random fertilization further increases genetic variation?
9. A student says, "If a mutation changes one DNA base, it always changes the amino acid and always changes the protein." Which response is most accurate?
10. A food chain follows the 10% rule. Producers have 12,000 kJ, primary consumers have 1,200 kJ, and secondary consumers have 120 kJ. How much total energy is lost from producers to secondary consumers? (Add the losses across both transfers.)​
11. Claim: Group living increases overall fitness (survival + reproduction) compared with solitary living. Evidence from long-term tracking of a single species: - Group-living adults (n=60): - Annual survival: 0.80 - Average offspring per year: 2.1 - Solitary adults (n=60): - Annual survival: 0.60 - Average offspring per year: 2.0 - Researchers note that solitary adults were more likely to live at the edge of the habitat where food was less abundant. Which option best evaluates the evidence?
12. A sequence of rock layers contains fossils in the following order from oldest to youngest: fish fossils only → fish-like fossils with a flattened head and sturdy fin bones → early amphibians with limbs and digits. Which interpretation best describes this evidence?
13. On an oceanic island, most bird species resemble birds from the nearest mainland, but they have differences in beak shape and size. This pattern is best described as which type of evidence for evolution?
14. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to make glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). Where is the captured solar energy stored after photosynthesis is complete?
15. After eating a meal, nutrients from digested food must reach cells throughout the body. How do the digestive and circulatory systems interact to accomplish this?
16. A forest currently has a carrying capacity of about 300 rabbits. A wildfire permanently reduces the usable habitat area (and plant growth) by 50%. Assuming carrying capacity changes proportionally with available habitat/resources, what is the new carrying capacity (K)?
17. During childbirth, uterine contractions begin. These contractions trigger signals that cause even stronger contractions, and the stronger contractions then trigger even more strengthening, continuing until delivery. Which type of feedback is described?
18. A fishery targets a species that has been overharvested. Scientists recommend reducing catch limits for 5 years and enforcing size limits so juveniles can reproduce. Some fishers argue for keeping current catch levels and instead stocking hatchery-raised fish into the ocean each year. Which evaluation best reflects biodiversity preservation principles?
19. A coral reef is declining due to warming ocean temperatures and local pollution from sewage. Two actions are proposed: Action 1: Upgrade sewage treatment to reduce nutrients and pathogens entering the reef. Action 2: Build shaded floating structures over parts of the reef to reduce sunlight and water temperature locally. Which evaluation is most accurate about addressing the causes of reef decline?
20. A student gets a small cut on their finger while cooking. Over the next day, the area becomes red and slightly swollen as the body begins fighting possible infection. Which model best represents interaction between the immune and circulatory systems at the organism level?

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