Social Interaction Theories - Eppp Knowledge
- Which hypothesis states that people help more when they share group identity with the victim?
- Empathy and group membership (in-group bias in helping). In-group identification enhances empathic concern, motivating preferential aid to similar others.
- Which attachment style is characterized by discomfort with closeness and preference for independence?
- Avoidant (dismissive) attachment. Unreliable early attachments promote self-reliance and emotional distancing to avoid vulnerability.
- In social exchange theory, what term refers to the minimum acceptable outcome level?
- Comparison level (CL). It represents expectations derived from past experiences, serving as a benchmark for relationship satisfaction.
- Which theory explains helping as increasing when perceived benefits exceed perceived costs?
- Social exchange theory of helping (cost-benefit analysis). Helping is viewed as a transactional behavior motivated by anticipated personal gains outweighing efforts.
- Which attachment style is characterized by high anxiety and fear of rejection with strong desire for closeness?
- Anxious-ambivalent (preoccupied) attachment. Inconsistent caregiving leads to heightened anxiety, resulting in clingy behaviors and fear of abandonment.
- Which concept describes increased aggression after exposure to aggressive cues (for example, weapons)?
- Weapons effect (aggressive cue priming). Cues activate aggression-related schemas, lowering inhibitions and increasing the probability of hostile responses.
- Which model states that bystanders are less likely to help when others are present?
- Bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility). Presence of others dilutes individual responsibility, leading to inaction in emergencies.
- What is the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression?
- Hostile: anger-driven; Instrumental: goal-oriented harm. Hostile stems from emotional reactivity, while instrumental uses harm strategically to achieve external objectives.
- Which theory explains aggression as learned through reinforcement and observation?
- Social learning theory (Bandura). Aggressive behaviors are acquired via modeling and vicarious reinforcement from observed consequences.
- What is diffusion of responsibility in bystander situations?
- Perceived personal obligation to help decreases as group size increases. Shared accountability among bystanders reduces each person's sense of urgency to intervene.
- Which distinction best differentiates empathy from sympathy in social psychology?
- Empathy: share/understand feelings; Sympathy: concern without sharing. Empathy involves emotional congruence or comprehension, whereas sympathy entails compassionate pity without vicarious experience.
- Which theory explains attraction as a reward-cost calculation in relationships?
- Social exchange theory. Relationships are evaluated based on maximizing rewards while minimizing costs, akin to economic exchanges.
- Which theory states that attraction increases with physical closeness and frequent contact?
- Propinquity effect (proximity increases attraction). Physical proximity fosters familiarity and opportunities for interaction, thereby enhancing interpersonal attraction.
- Which theory states that frustration increases the likelihood of aggression?
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis. Blocked goals create emotional tension, which may displace onto available targets as aggressive behavior.
- Which theory states that commitment depends on satisfaction, investments, and alternatives?
- Rusbult investment model. High satisfaction and investments coupled with poor alternatives strengthen relational commitment.
- Which attraction principle states that similarity in attitudes and values increases liking?
- Similarity-attraction effect. Shared attitudes and values validate one's beliefs, reducing cognitive dissonance and increasing interpersonal comfort.
- What is the negative-state relief model of helping?
- Helping reduces one's own distress or negative mood. Altruistic acts serve as mood regulators, alleviating personal discomfort from witnessing suffering.
- In social exchange theory, what term refers to outcomes expected from the best alternative relationship?
- Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt). It evaluates potential outcomes from other options, influencing decisions to maintain or exit current relationships.
- Which theory proposes that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation to help?
- Empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson). True altruism arises from perspective-taking and concern for another's welfare, independent of self-interest.
- What is the mere exposure effect in theories of attraction?
- Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases liking. Familiarity bred through repeated encounters reduces uncertainty and enhances positive affect toward the stimulus.
- Which theory defines aggression as behavior intended to harm another who is motivated to avoid harm?
- Social psychological definition of aggression (intent to harm). This definition emphasizes intentionality and the victim's aversion, distinguishing it from accidental harm.
- What is the reciprocity principle of attraction?
- People like others who show that they like them. Mutual liking creates a positive feedback loop, reinforcing social bonds through perceived validation and emotional reward.
- What is the key claim of the General Aggression Model (GAM)?
- Person and situation affect cognition/arousal, shaping aggression. Internal states like thoughts and emotions mediate inputs to produce either impulsive or thoughtful aggressive outputs.
- What is the matching hypothesis in romantic attraction?
- People pair with others of similar physical attractiveness. Individuals tend to form romantic partnerships with those perceived as equivalently attractive to maintain equity and minimize rejection.
- Which attachment style is characterized by comfort with intimacy and low anxiety about abandonment?
- Secure attachment. Positive early experiences foster trust and emotional security, enabling healthy intimacy without fear.