Social Bias Application - Eppp Knowledge
- What is confirmation bias in interpreting another person's ambiguous actions?
- Seeking or interpreting evidence to support an existing belief about the person. This bias maintains preconceptions by selectively attending to confirming information and disregarding contradictory evidence.
- What is the false uniqueness effect in interpersonal comparison?
- Underestimating how common your desirable traits or opinions are. This effect enhances self-perception by assuming one's positive attributes are rarer, distinguishing oneself from others.
- What is the fundamental attribution error in interpreting another person's behavior?
- Overattributing others' behavior to traits and underweighting situational factors. This bias stems from the tendency to emphasize dispositional explanations for others' actions while undervaluing environmental influences.
- What is the recency effect in impression formation after a long interaction?
- Most recent information disproportionately shapes the overall impression. This effect gives greater weight to the most recent information, overshadowing earlier details in overall evaluations.
- What is the just-world hypothesis bias in explaining victims' outcomes?
- Assuming people get what they deserve, leading to victim blaming. This hypothesis assumes a fair world, leading to rationalizations that blame victims to preserve belief in justice.
- What is the negativity bias in interpreting another person's behavior?
- Negative information is weighted more heavily than positive information. This bias evolved for threat detection, making adverse information more salient and influential in perceptions.
- What is the false consensus effect in judging how common your views are?
- Overestimating how widely others share your beliefs and preferences. This effect arises from egocentric projection, leading people to assume their own views are more normative than they actually are.
- What is the self-serving bias in interpersonal interpretation of outcomes?
- Success to internal causes; failure to external causes. This bias protects self-esteem by attributing positive outcomes to personal abilities and negative ones to external circumstances.
- What is the horn effect when evaluating a person after noticing a negative trait?
- A global negative trait biases ratings of unrelated traits. This effect results from a negative trait dominating perception, leading to biased negative assessments in other areas.
- What is belief perseverance in maintaining an impression after disconfirming evidence?
- Persisting in a belief even after the original support is discredited. This phenomenon maintains convictions through cognitive inertia, resisting change despite invalidation of supporting evidence.
- Identify the bias: You assume a new colleague is incompetent because they resemble someone incompetent.
- Representativeness heuristic. This heuristic judges based on prototypical similarity, ignoring other probabilistic factors in categorization.
- Identify the bias: You think most coworkers share your opinion because you hear it often in your circle.
- False consensus effect. This effect overestimates agreement by projecting personal views onto others, influenced by one's social environment.
- What is anchoring bias in first impressions of another person?
- Initial information unduly influences later judgments despite new evidence. This bias causes initial data to serve as a reference point, resisting adjustment even with subsequent contradictory information.
- Identify the bias: You keep believing someone is dishonest even after the accusation is proven false.
- Belief perseverance. This phenomenon sustains beliefs through cognitive resistance, even when foundational evidence is debunked.
- Identify the bias: After one rude comment, you judge a person as generally bad in many domains.
- Horn effect. This effect generalizes a single negative trait to unrelated areas, creating an overall unfavorable impression.
- What is the availability heuristic in judging another person's typicality or risk?
- Basing judgments on how easily examples come to mind. This heuristic relies on mental accessibility, causing overestimation of probabilities based on vivid or recent examples.
- What is the primacy effect in impression formation during an initial interaction?
- Early information disproportionately shapes the overall impression. This effect prioritizes first-encountered information in memory, shaping lasting impressions over later details.
- What is the ultimate attribution error when interpreting an outgroup member's behavior?
- Outgroup negatives to traits; outgroup positives to situation or exception. This error extends attribution biases to groups, protecting ingroup favoritism by differential causal explanations.
- Identify the bias: You explain your lateness by traffic but another person's lateness as irresponsibility.
- Actor–observer bias. This bias attributes personal actions to situations but others' to traits due to differing observational perspectives.
- What is the halo effect when forming impressions of another person?
- A global positive trait biases ratings of unrelated traits. This effect occurs when a single positive attribute creates an overall favorable impression, influencing unrelated evaluations.
- What is the illusory correlation in stereotyping and interpersonal judgment?
- Perceiving a relationship between group membership and behavior that is not real. This bias creates perceived associations due to selective attention, often reinforcing stereotypes without actual correlation.
- What is the representativeness heuristic in interpersonal judgment?
- Judging likelihood by similarity to a prototype, not base rates. This heuristic evaluates probability by resemblance to stereotypes, often disregarding statistical base rates.
- What is the outgroup homogeneity bias in perceiving members of another group?
- Seeing outgroup members as more similar to each other than ingroup members. This bias reduces perceived variability in outgroups due to limited exposure, contrasting with nuanced ingroup views.
- What is the actor–observer bias when explaining your own versus others' behavior?
- Own behavior: situation; others' behavior: disposition. This bias occurs because individuals have more insight into situational factors affecting their own actions but rely on traits for others.