Personality Theories - Eppp Knowledge
- What is Rotter's term for generalized beliefs about control over reinforcement outcomes?
- Locus of control. Rotter's construct distinguishes internal control (personal effort) from external (luck or fate) in behavioral outcomes.
- What is Bandura's concept that behavior, person factors, and environment mutually influence each other?
- Reciprocal determinism. This triadic model in social cognitive theory explains personality as a dynamic interplay among internal and external factors.
- Which Neo-Freudian emphasized collective unconscious and archetypes?
- Carl Jung. Jung expanded Freud's ideas by introducing shared ancestral memories and universal symbols influencing personality.
- What defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable impulses to another person?
- Projection. This mechanism protects the ego by externalizing internal threats, reducing anxiety from unacceptable thoughts.
- What does the 'E' in the Big Five (OCEAN) stand for?
- Extraversion. This factor describes sociability, assertiveness, and energy levels in interpersonal interactions.
- What does the 'N' in the Big Five (OCEAN) stand for?
- Neuroticism (negative emotionality). This dimension measures emotional stability versus proneness to distress and negative emotions.
- Which personality perspective defines behavior as learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling?
- Behavioral / social learning perspective. This view holds that personality emerges from environmental interactions via operant conditioning and observational learning.
- What does the 'O' in the Big Five (OCEAN) stand for?
- Openness to experience. This trait reflects imagination, curiosity, and appreciation for art and novelty in the five-factor model.
- What does the 'C' in the Big Five (OCEAN) stand for?
- Conscientiousness. This dimension indicates organization, responsibility, and goal-directed behavior in personality assessment.
- Which trait model is most widely accepted as the five-factor model of personality?
- Big Five (OCEAN). Derived from lexical and statistical methods, this model captures core traits universally across cultures.
- Which personality perspective emphasizes free will, personal growth, and self-actualization?
- Humanistic perspective. This optimistic view, led by Maslow and Rogers, sees humans as inherently growth-oriented with innate potential.
- Which assessment type uses forced-choice or true-false items to measure traits (not projective methods)?
- Objective personality inventory. These standardized self-report tools provide reliable, quantifiable trait scores through structured questions.
- What is Bandura's term for belief in one's capability to execute behaviors to reach goals?
- Self-efficacy. Bandura's concept reflects perceived competence, influencing motivation and behavior in social learning theory.
- What does the first 'A' in the Big Five (OCEAN) stand for?
- Agreeableness. This trait encompasses cooperation, empathy, and altruism in the five-factor personality framework.
- Which Neo-Freudian proposed psychosocial stages across the lifespan (not just psychosexual stages)?
- Erik Erikson. Erikson extended Freud's stages to include social and cultural influences throughout life, focusing on identity crises.
- In Rogers's theory, what term refers to acceptance and love without conditions?
- Unconditional positive regard. Rogers emphasized this as essential for healthy self-concept development, fostering congruence without judgment.
- Which theorist is most associated with the 16 Personality Factors (16PF) trait model?
- Raymond Cattell. Cattell used factor analysis to derive 16 primary traits, forming a comprehensive personality questionnaire.
- Which personality approach focuses on stable, measurable dimensions that vary across individuals?
- Trait approach. This perspective quantifies personality via enduring characteristics, using factor analysis to identify key dimensions.
- Which personality perspective emphasizes unconscious conflict and early childhood experiences?
- Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory. This theory, rooted in Freud's work, posits that personality is shaped by unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood.
- Which personality approach emphasizes internal mental processes such as schemas and expectancies?
- Cognitive (social-cognitive) perspective. This approach views personality through cognitive structures that shape perceptions, expectations, and behaviors.
- In Rogers's theory, what is the term for mismatch between self-concept and experience?
- Incongruence. Rogers described this state as causing psychological distress when ideal self diverges from actual experiences.
- Which assessment type uses ambiguous stimuli to infer personality dynamics (contrast with objective tests)?
- Projective personality test. These tests elicit unconscious motives by interpreting responses to vague stimuli, revealing hidden dynamics.
- Which theorist is most associated with a three-factor trait model including Psychoticism?
- Hans Eysenck. Eysenck's biological model proposes three superfactors: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, with genetic bases.
- Which Neo-Freudian concept describes a basic anxiety managed through interpersonal strategies?
- Karen Horney's basic anxiety. Horney theorized that childhood feelings of helplessness lead to anxiety, addressed via compliance, aggression, or withdrawal.
- What is the core structural model in Freud's theory that divides personality into three parts?
- Id, ego, and superego. Freud's model describes the id as instinctual drives, ego as rational mediator, and superego as moral conscience.