Memory Systems - Eppp Knowledge

1. What is the key distinction between recall and recognition?

   Recall generates info; recognition identifies previously learned info. Recall requires generating information from memory without cues, while recognition involves selecting from provided options based on familiarity.

2. What is the visuospatial sketchpad in the working memory model?

   Subsystem for temporary storage/manipulation of visual-spatial info. The visuospatial sketchpad manages visual and spatial data, allowing temporary holding and mental manipulation of images or locations.

3. Which amnesia pattern reflects loss of memories formed before the onset of brain injury?

   Retrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia disrupts access to memories acquired before the injury, often with a temporal gradient sparing older memories.

4. What is the phonological loop in Baddeley and Hitch working memory model?

   Subsystem for temporary storage/rehearsal of verbal-auditory info. The phonological loop handles verbal and auditory material through subvocal rehearsal, maintaining it briefly in working memory.

5. What is rehearsal in the context of STM/working memory maintenance?

   Repeatedly refreshing information to keep it active. Rehearsal prevents decay in short-term or working memory by continuously reactivating the information through repetition.

6. Which LTM system stores personally experienced events with time and place context?

   Episodic memory (explicit/declarative). Episodic memory stores autobiographical events with contextual details, allowing conscious recollection of personal experiences.

7. Which LTM system supports skills and habits that are expressed through performance?

   Procedural memory (implicit/nondeclarative). Procedural memory underlies motor skills and habits, operating unconsciously and demonstrated through improved performance rather than verbal report.

8. What is chunking as a strategy in STM/working memory?

   Grouping items into meaningful units to increase effective span. Chunking reduces cognitive load by organizing information into larger, meaningful groups, expanding the limited capacity of short-term memory.

9. Which brain structure is most associated with forming new explicit (declarative) memories?

   Hippocampus/medial temporal lobe system. The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are crucial for binding and consolidating new declarative memories into long-term storage.

10. Which option best fits: keeping a phone number active by repeating it until dialing?

    Short-term/working memory maintenance via rehearsal. Repeating a phone number uses rehearsal to maintain information in short-term or working memory until it can be used.

11. Which type of rehearsal most strongly supports LTM formation by adding meaning?

    Elaborative rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal links new information to prior knowledge, promoting deeper processing and better integration into long-term memory.

12. What is the defining feature of working memory compared with short-term memory?

    Active maintenance plus manipulation of information. Working memory involves not only holding information temporarily but also actively processing and transforming it, distinguishing it from the more passive short-term memory.

13. What is the episodic buffer in Baddeley's updated working memory model?

    Integrative buffer binding info across modalities and linking to LTM. The episodic buffer temporarily combines information from various sources into coherent episodes, facilitating links to long-term memory.

14. Which LTM system stores facts and general knowledge that can be verbally reported?

    Semantic memory (explicit/declarative). Semantic memory holds general world knowledge and facts that are consciously accessible and can be declared verbally.

15. Which retrieval principle states memory improves when context at test matches encoding?

    Encoding specificity principle. The encoding specificity principle posits that cues matching the original learning context enhance retrieval effectiveness from memory.

16. What is the defining feature of short-term memory (STM) as a memory store?

    Brief passive storage of information without manipulation. Short-term memory serves as a temporary buffer for sensory input, holding information briefly without active manipulation or deeper processing.

17. What is consolidation in long-term memory?

    Stabilization of a memory trace over time after initial encoding. Consolidation transforms fragile short-term traces into stable long-term memories through neural strengthening over time.

18. What is state-dependent memory as a retrieval phenomenon?

    Better retrieval when internal state at test matches state at encoding. State-dependent memory improves recall when the individual's physiological or emotional state during retrieval aligns with that during encoding.

19. Which process best describes bringing stored information from LTM into awareness?

    Retrieval. Retrieval accesses encoded information from long-term memory, bringing it into conscious awareness for use or recall.

20. Which process best describes transferring information from STM/working memory into LTM?

    Encoding (especially elaborative encoding). Elaborative encoding strengthens connections by associating new information with existing knowledge, facilitating transfer to long-term storage.

21. What is the defining feature of long-term memory (LTM) as a memory store?

    Durable storage with very large capacity over long durations. Long-term memory allows for the retention of vast amounts of information over extended periods, enabling enduring knowledge and experiences.

22. Which amnesia pattern reflects impaired formation of new long-term memories after onset?

    Anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia prevents the creation of new memories post-injury, while pre-injury memories remain intact.

23. Which type of rehearsal primarily supports maintenance without adding meaning?

    Maintenance rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal focuses on rote repetition to sustain information temporarily without enhancing semantic associations for long-term retention.

24. Which form of implicit memory is shown when prior exposure speeds later identification?

    Priming. Priming facilitates faster or more accurate responses to stimuli due to unconscious influences from previous exposures.

25. What is the central executive in the working memory model?

    Attentional control system that allocates resources and coordinates subsystems. The central executive oversees working memory by directing attention, switching tasks, and integrating information from other subsystems.

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