Memory Processes - Eppp Knowledge

1. Identify the principle: memory improves when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions.

   Encoding specificity principle. Matching cues between learning and recall environments enhance memory performance according to this rule.

2. Which effect best fits: a delay before recall selectively reduces memory for the last few list items?

   Reduced recency effect. Delay eliminates short-term memory traces, specifically diminishing recall of end-of-list items.

3. What is the term for forgetting caused by earlier learning interfering with later learning?

   Proactive interference. Prior information creates confusion, hindering the acquisition or recall of subsequent similar material.

4. Which effect is shown when recall is better for the first items in a list due to more rehearsal?

   Primacy effect. Initial items receive more attention and rehearsal, transferring them to long-term memory more effectively.

5. Which concept best fits: recall improves when intoxicated at both learning and testing compared with mixed states?

   State-dependent memory. Consistent internal states, like intoxication, act as cues that enhance memory retrieval when matched.

6. What is the term for forgetting caused by new learning interfering with previously learned information?

   Retroactive interference. Subsequent learning overwrites or disrupts access to earlier memories, causing forgetting.

7. Which concept best fits: a student remembers more when studying and testing in the same classroom?

   Context-dependent memory. Matching physical environments between learning and testing provide contextual cues that aid recall.

8. Which encoding strategy is indicated when a person focuses on sound patterns (for example, rhyming)?

   Phonemic encoding. This intermediate level of processing emphasizes auditory characteristics, such as rhymes, aiding memory retention.

9. What is the term for improved recall when internal state (for example, mood) matches at encoding and retrieval?

   State-dependent memory. Internal physiological or emotional states that match between encoding and retrieval improve recall accuracy.

10. Which concept best fits: information learned first disrupts learning a new password the next day?

    Proactive interference. Previously acquired knowledge competes with new information, impairing its encoding or retrieval.

11. Which phenomenon is present when a witness's recall is distorted by leading questions after the event?

    Misinformation effect. Post-event misleading information can alter original memories, leading to inaccurate recollections.

12. Which encoding strategy is indicated when a person focuses on meaning rather than appearance or sound?

    Semantic (deep) encoding. Deep processing focuses on the meaning of information, leading to stronger and more durable memory traces.

13. What is the term for accessing stored information from memory?

    Retrieval. It involves accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness for use.

14. Which process is most impaired when a person cannot form new long-term memories after hippocampal damage?

    Consolidation (new declarative memories). Hippocampal damage prevents the stabilization of new explicit memories into long-term storage.

15. Identify the retrieval strategy: generating information from memory before seeing the correct answer.

    Testing effect (retrieval practice). Actively recalling information enhances long-term retention more effectively than passive restudying.

16. What is the term for transforming sensory input into a storable memory representation?

    Encoding. This process converts sensory information into a form that can be retained in memory systems.

17. What is the term for the post-learning process that stabilizes a memory over time?

    Consolidation. It stabilizes newly acquired memories, transforming them from fragile to more permanent states over time.

18. Which concept best fits: learning a new phone number makes it harder to recall the old number?

    Retroactive interference. Newly learned material disrupts the consolidation or access to earlier stored information.

19. Which process best explains: a memory becomes temporarily labile again when it is reactivated and updated?

    Reconsolidation. Reactivated memories enter a vulnerable state, allowing modification before restabilization.

20. Which effect is shown when recall is better for the last items in a list because they remain in working memory?

    Recency effect. Recent items are still accessible in short-term memory, allowing easier recall without interference.

21. What is the term for improved recall when external context at retrieval matches context at encoding?

    Context-dependent memory. External environmental cues that align during encoding and retrieval facilitate better memory access.

22. What is the term for improved memory performance after sleep relative to equivalent wake time?

    Sleep-dependent consolidation. Sleep facilitates the strengthening and integration of memories, outperforming wakeful periods of equal duration.

23. Which encoding strategy is indicated when a person focuses on visual features such as font or shape?

    Structural (visual) encoding. Shallow processing attends to physical attributes, resulting in weaker memory compared to deeper levels.

24. Which concept best fits: a client recalls more when given the same cues present during initial learning?

    Encoding specificity principle. Cues that overlap with those during encoding optimize retrieval by recreating original conditions.

25. Which encoding level is indicated when a person studies by creating personal examples for each term?

    Deep (semantic) encoding. Relating material to personal meaning promotes elaborate processing and superior memory retention.

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