Identity Development - Eppp Knowledge

1. What is the term for unequal outcomes produced by institutions and policies, not just individual bias?

   Structural (systemic) discrimination. This form of discrimination embeds biases in systems like education and employment, perpetuating inequities without overt individual prejudice.

2. What is the term for the stigma-related stress from prejudice and discrimination affecting sexual minorities?

   Minority stress. Meyer's model highlights how chronic exposure to prejudice and discrimination elevates stress, affecting mental and physical health in marginalized groups.

3. In Phinney's model, what is the stage characterized by active search and questioning of ethnicity?

   Ethnic identity search (moratorium). In Phinney's model, this phase includes active exploration of ethnic roots and meanings, prompted by events or increased awareness.

4. What is the term for differential treatment based on gender that shapes opportunities across development?

   Gender socialization. This process involves societal influences like family and media that reinforce gender-specific behaviors, affecting developmental trajectories.

5. What is the term for the mismatch between home culture and school culture that can affect achievement?

   Cultural discontinuity. This mismatch creates barriers to learning and achievement by conflicting with students' home cultural practices and expectations in educational settings.

6. In Phinney's model, what is the stage characterized by little exploration and unexamined identity?

   Unexamined ethnic identity. Phinney's initial stage involves minimal reflection on ethnicity, often accepting societal views without personal exploration.

7. What is the term for a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender?

   Gender identity. This internal perception forms early in development and influences self-expression, independent of biological sex or societal expectations.

8. What is the term for negative attitudes toward one's own group that are internalized from society?

   Internalized stigma (internalized oppression). This internalization of societal prejudices leads to self-devaluation and psychological distress within one's own marginalized group.

9. What is the term for a person's subjective sense of belonging to an ethnic group and its meaning?

   Ethnic identity. This sense of belonging influences self-concept, social interactions, and resilience against discrimination within one's ethnic group.

10. What is the term for overlapping identities (e.g., race, gender, class) shaping unique development risks?

    Intersectionality. Crenshaw's framework explains how multiple identities interact to create compounded experiences of privilege or oppression in development.

11. What is the term for the process by which children learn and internalize their culture's norms and values?

    Enculturation. This process transmits cultural norms and values from generation to generation, shaping individual behavior and worldview within one's native culture.

12. Which acculturation strategy involves adopting the host culture while relinquishing the heritage culture?

    Assimilation. Berry's model describes this as fully adopting the dominant culture's practices while abandoning one's heritage, potentially leading to loss of cultural roots.

13. What is the term for distress caused when one's gender identity and assigned sex are incongruent?

    Gender dysphoria. This distress arises from misalignment between internal gender experience and assigned sex, potentially impacting mental health and identity development.

14. What is the term for societal beliefs about attributes of women and men (descriptive or prescriptive)?

    Gender stereotypes. These beliefs prescribe or describe traits and behaviors for genders, influencing self-perception and societal judgments across contexts.

15. Which practice best supports development when a client's cultural values differ from the clinician's norms?

    Culturally responsive assessment and intervention. This approach integrates cultural contexts into practices, enhancing effectiveness by aligning with clients' values and reducing misinterpretations.

16. What is the term for culturally defined expectations for behavior based on perceived gender?

    Gender roles. These expectations dictate socially appropriate behaviors, varying across cultures and impacting opportunities and interpersonal dynamics.

17. Which acculturation strategy involves disconnection from both heritage and host cultures?

    Marginalization. According to Berry, this results from low involvement in both cultures, often linked to exclusion or withdrawal, increasing vulnerability to mental health issues.

18. Which acculturation strategy involves rejecting the host culture and maintaining the heritage culture?

    Separation. In Berry's framework, this approach preserves the original culture by avoiding contact with the host society, often due to perceived cultural threats.

19. What is the term for parents and children acculturating at different rates, creating family conflict?

    Acculturation gap. Differential acculturation paces between generations disrupt family dynamics, leading to misunderstandings and conflicts over values and behaviors.

20. What is the term for stress arising from adapting to a new culture (e.g., language, discrimination, role change)?

    Acculturative stress. This stress emerges from challenges like cultural conflicts, discrimination, and identity shifts during adaptation to a new cultural context.

21. What is the term for adapting to a new culture after migration, including behavioral and value changes?

    Acculturation. This adaptation occurs when individuals from one culture interact with another, leading to changes in behaviors, values, and identities to navigate the new environment.

22. Which acculturation strategy involves maintaining heritage culture while engaging with the host culture?

    Integration (biculturalism). In Berry's model, this strategy balances retention of original cultural identity with participation in the dominant culture, promoting positive psychological outcomes.

23. In Phinney's model, what is the stage characterized by achieved clarity and commitment to ethnicity?

    Achieved ethnic identity. Phinney describes this final stage as a secure commitment to one's ethnicity after thorough exploration, enhancing well-being and identity coherence.

24. Identify the concept: a stereotype about one's group impairs performance when it is made salient.

    Stereotype threat. Steele's theory posits that awareness of negative group stereotypes activates anxiety, hindering performance in relevant domains like academics.

25. Which parenting style is most associated with collectivist values emphasizing obedience and family harmony?

    Authoritarian style (often culturally normative). In collectivist cultures, this style prioritizes obedience and group harmony, supporting development through structure and familial interdependence.

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