Ecological Models - Eppp Knowledge
- In the PPCT model, what do the letters in PPCT stand for?
- Process–Person–Context–Time. The PPCT model integrates proximal processes, individual characteristics, environmental contexts, and temporal dimensions in bioecological theory.
- Which PPCT component is changed when an intervention increases daily shared reading frequency?
- Process. Increasing shared reading modifies the proximal processes, which are the core interactions driving developmental changes.
- Which PPCT component is most directly referenced by the phrase "developmental change across historical eras"?
- Time. Historical eras represent the temporal dimension that affects how processes, persons, and contexts evolve over time.
- Which ecological level is most directly implicated when teacher–parent communication improves a child's behavior?
- Mesosystem. Improved teacher-parent communication fosters linkages between home and school microsystems, enhancing child behavioral outcomes.
- Which model best explains why the same parenting practice has different effects in different cultures?
- Ecological model (macrosystem moderates parenting effects). Ecological models account for how cultural contexts in the macrosystem moderate the impact of parenting on child development.
- What is meant by goodness of fit in transactional approaches to development?
- Match between child characteristics and environmental demands/supports. Goodness of fit refers to the alignment between a child's traits and the expectations or resources of their environment, optimizing development.
- What is the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
- Connections among microsystems (e.g., home–school linkage). It involves the interconnections between various microsystems, which can enhance or impede developmental processes through relational linkages.
- What is a proximal process in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?
- Enduring, regular interactions that drive development (person–context). Proximal processes are the primary mechanisms of development, involving sustained interactions between the person and their environment.
- Identify the concept: a difficult temperament elicits harsher parenting, escalating behavior problems.
- Coercive transactional cycle (reciprocal escalation). This cycle illustrates transactional processes where child traits evoke parental responses that reinforce and escalate problematic behaviors.
- Which ecological level is most relevant when cultural gender norms shape adolescent career aspirations?
- Macrosystem. Cultural gender norms are societal ideologies that shape individual aspirations through pervasive influences on all ecological levels.
- What is the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
- Indirect settings affecting the person (e.g., parent workplace). This layer includes external social structures that indirectly influence the individual by affecting their immediate settings without direct participation.
- What is Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory intended to explain about development?
- Development as shaped by nested environmental systems over time. Bronfenbrenner's theory posits that human development is influenced by interactions among multiple nested environmental systems and temporal changes throughout life.
- What is Sameroff's transactional model primarily emphasizing about developmental outcomes?
- Outcomes emerge from ongoing child–caregiver/environment exchanges. Sameroff's model highlights that development results from dynamic, reciprocal interactions between the child and caregivers or environmental factors.
- What is the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
- Immediate settings with direct interaction (e.g., home, school). This level encompasses the direct, immediate environments where individuals engage in face-to-face interactions that shape their development.
- What is the chronosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
- Time-based changes in person and environment across the lifespan. This dimension captures the impact of sociohistorical circumstances and life transitions on development across the individual's lifespan.
- Which ecological level is most directly targeted by a policy change that expands paid parental leave?
- Macrosystem. Policy changes like expanded parental leave operate at the societal level, altering broad norms and laws that influence family dynamics.
- Which ecological level is best indicated when a divorce (family transition) alters development over years?
- Chronosystem. Divorce exemplifies a temporal transition that impacts developmental trajectories through changes in environmental systems over time.
- Which ecological level is most directly targeted by a parent training intervention delivered in the home?
- Microsystem. Parent training in the home directly engages the immediate setting where the child experiences face-to-face interactions.
- Which PPCT component is changed when a child develops improved self-regulation skills?
- Person. Improved self-regulation alters the individual's personal attributes, which interact with processes and contexts to influence outcomes.
- What is the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
- Cultural values, laws, and broad societal norms shaping contexts. It represents the overarching cultural, ideological, and societal framework that permeates and influences all lower-level systems.
- Which PPCT component is changed when a family moves to a higher-resource school district?
- Context. Relocating to a better school district modifies the environmental settings that surround and support the child's development.
- Which ecological level is most directly implicated when a parent's job loss increases family stress at home?
- Exosystem. Parental job loss occurs in an external setting that indirectly affects the child's home environment through increased family stress.
- Identify the ecological level most relevant when neighborhood violence exposure affects a child's stress.
- Exosystem. Neighborhood violence represents a community-level factor that indirectly influences the child's stress via effects on family or safety.
- What term describes the bidirectional influence between a child and the environment in transactional models?
- Reciprocal, bidirectional transactions between person and context. Transactional models emphasize mutual influences where both the child and environment actively shape each other through ongoing interactions.
- Which model best explains how child behavior changes caregiver responses, which then further changes the child?
- Transactional model (bidirectional influence over time). Transactional models describe development as resulting from mutual, ongoing influences between the child and caregivers over time.