Developmental Theories - Eppp Knowledge
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in middle adulthood?
- Generativity vs. stagnation. Middle adults contribute to society through work and family, attaining generativity or stagnation from self-absorption.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by social contract and democratically agreed rights?
- Stage 5: Social contract orientation. At this postconventional level, morality is based on individual rights and democratically derived social contracts.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by instrumental exchange and self-interest?
- Stage 2: Instrumental-relativist orientation. This preconventional stage involves pursuing personal gains through fair exchanges, viewing morality as satisfying one's needs.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in toddlerhood?
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Toddlers strive for independence in self-care, resolving toward autonomy with supportive parenting or shame with excessive control.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in preschool age?
- Initiative vs. guilt. Preschoolers explore goal-directed activities, achieving initiative with encouragement or guilt from overrestriction.
- What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
- Assimilation: fit info to schema; accommodation: change schema for info. Assimilation integrates new information into existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to fit new information, driving cognitive adaptation.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in late adulthood?
- Integrity vs. despair. Older adults reflect on life, reaching integrity with acceptance of accomplishments or despair from regrets.
- What is the defining cognitive ability in Piaget's formal operational stage?
- Abstract and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Adolescents develop the capacity for systematic problem-solving and reasoning about hypothetical scenarios beyond concrete reality.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in adolescence?
- Identity vs. role confusion. Adolescents integrate self-concepts into a coherent identity, or face confusion from unresolved role explorations.
- Which Piaget stage is most associated with centration and failure on conservation tasks?
- Preoperational stage. Children in this stage focus on single aspects of problems (centration) and lack understanding of conservation due to limited logical thinking.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in school-age childhood?
- Industry vs. inferiority. School-age children focus on competence in tasks, leading to industry with success or inferiority with repeated failure.
- What is the correct Piaget stage sequence from birth through adolescence?
- Sensorimotor → Preoperational → Concrete operational → Formal operational. Piaget's cognitive development stages follow this invariant sequence, progressing from sensory-motor coordination to abstract reasoning across childhood and adolescence.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in young adulthood?
- Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults seek close relationships, achieving intimacy through mutual commitment or isolation from fear of vulnerability.
- What is the correct Erikson stage sequence across the lifespan (8 stages, in order)?
- Trust→Autonomy→Initiative→Industry→Identity→Intimacy→Generativity→Integrity. Erikson's psychosocial stages span the lifespan, each involving a crisis resolution that builds ego strength for subsequent stages.
- What is Erikson's primary psychosocial conflict in infancy?
- Trust vs. mistrust. Infants develop basic trust through consistent caregiving, or mistrust if needs are unmet, forming the foundation for future relationships.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by universal ethical principles and conscience?
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles orientation. This highest postconventional stage involves adhering to self-chosen universal ethical principles, even if they conflict with laws.
- What is Piagetian equilibration?
- Balancing assimilation and accommodation to resolve cognitive conflict. This process restores cognitive equilibrium by adapting schemas when discrepancies arise between existing knowledge and new experiences.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by law-and-order and maintaining social order?
- Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation. This conventional stage emphasizes upholding laws and authority to preserve societal structure and order.
- What Piaget task best assesses conservation (quantity remains despite appearance changes)?
- Conservation tasks (e.g., liquid, number, mass). These tasks evaluate a child's ability to recognize that properties like volume or quantity remain constant despite perceptual changes.
- What is the defining cognitive ability in Piaget's concrete operational stage?
- Logical operations on concrete objects (including conservation). Children gain the ability to perform reversible mental operations on tangible objects, enabling tasks like classification and seriation.
- What is the hallmark limitation in Piaget's preoperational stage?
- Egocentrism (difficulty taking others' perspectives). Children in this stage struggle with perspective-taking, focusing on their own viewpoint due to immature cognitive structures.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by interpersonal conformity and being "good"?
- Stage 3: Good boy/good girl orientation. In this conventional stage, individuals conform to social expectations to gain approval and maintain relationships.
- Which Kohlberg stage is defined by obedience to avoid punishment?
- Stage 1: Punishment-and-obedience orientation. At this preconventional level, moral decisions are based on avoiding external punishments rather than internal principles.
- What is the defining cognitive achievement of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
- Object permanence. In this stage, infants develop understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, marking a key milestone in cognitive growth.
- What is the correct Kohlberg level sequence for moral development?
- Preconventional → Conventional → Postconventional. Kohlberg's moral reasoning progresses from self-interest to societal norms and finally to principled ethics in this hierarchical sequence.