Cognition Affect Relations - Eppp Knowledge

1. What is the James-Lange theory claim about the sequence of arousal and emotion?

   Emotion results from perception of physiological arousal. James-Lange theory argues that distinct bodily changes precede and inform emotional experiences, reversing the common intuition of emotion causing arousal.

2. Which Big Five trait most strongly reflects chronic negative affect and stress reactivity?

   Neuroticism. Neuroticism encompasses emotional instability, making individuals more susceptible to stress and negative emotions in the Big Five personality model.

3. What is the facial feedback hypothesis regarding affect and behavior?

   Facial expressions can influence subjective emotional experience. This hypothesis suggests that proprioceptive feedback from facial muscles modulates emotional processing, demonstrating behavior's role in shaping affect.

4. What is the self-serving bias in attribution and what affective function does it serve?

   Success internal, failure external; protects self-esteem/affect. Self-serving bias attributes outcomes to preserve positive self-views, thereby regulating emotional well-being and maintaining motivational states.

5. Which theory states that emotion follows physiological arousal plus a cognitive label?

   Schachter-Singer two-factor theory. The theory proposes that undifferentiated arousal requires cognitive interpretation to form specific emotions, integrating physiological and cognitive elements.

6. What is locus of control and which type is linked to greater perceived agency?

   Belief about control source; internal locus implies greater agency. Locus of control reflects attributions of causality, with internal attributions fostering a sense of personal influence over life events and outcomes.

7. What is self-efficacy (Bandura) and what does it most directly predict?

   Belief in capability; predicts effort, persistence, and performance. Bandura's concept posits that perceived competence motivates sustained effort and resilience, directly influencing goal-directed behaviors and achievements.

8. What is Beck's cognitive triad in depression?

   Negative views of self, world, and future. Beck's model posits that these pervasive negative cognitions maintain depressive symptoms by biasing information processing and emotional regulation.

9. What is a cognitive distortion (schema-consistent bias) in CBT?

   Systematic error in thinking that biases emotion and behavior. Cognitive distortions represent habitual, skewed interpretations that perpetuate maladaptive emotional reactions and behavioral patterns in CBT frameworks.

10. In REBT, what is the key claim about A and C (events and emotions/behavior)?

    B mediates; A does not directly cause C. REBT asserts that beliefs interpret events to produce consequences, highlighting cognition's mediating role in emotional and behavioral responses.

11. What is the ABC model in REBT, and what does B represent?

    A-activating event, B-beliefs, C-consequences; B = beliefs. REBT's ABC model emphasizes that irrational beliefs interpret events, leading to emotional and behavioral outcomes that therapy targets for change.

12. What is learned helplessness and what belief pattern characterizes it?

    Expecting lack of control; belief that outcomes are uncontrollable. Learned helplessness arises from repeated uncontrollable experiences, fostering passive behaviors due to perceived inefficacy in influencing outcomes.

13. What is outcome expectancy, and how does it differ from self-efficacy?

    Belief behavior leads to outcome; not belief in ability to perform. Outcome expectancy focuses on anticipated results of actions, contrasting with self-efficacy's emphasis on personal competence in executing those actions.

14. What attribution pattern defines a depressive attributional style?

    Internal, stable, global attributions for negative events. This style attributes failures to enduring personal flaws across domains, exacerbating negative affect and reducing motivation in depression.

15. Identify the construct: tendency to act quickly under emotion with limited forethought.

    Impulsivity (low inhibitory control/effortful control). Impulsivity stems from deficits in self-regulation, leading to hasty actions driven by immediate emotional impulses rather than deliberate consideration.

16. What is temperament in developmental psychology?

    Biologically based, early-emerging individual differences in reactivity/regulation. Temperament encompasses innate predispositions that influence emotional and behavioral responses from infancy, shaped by genetic and biological factors.

17. Which temperament dimension reflects tendency toward distress and negative emotions?

    Negative affectivity (neuroticism-related). This dimension captures proneness to emotional distress, aligning with neuroticism by predisposing individuals to heightened negative affective states.

18. What is the Cannon-Bard theory claim about arousal and subjective emotion timing?

    Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously. Cannon-Bard theory posits parallel processing in the thalamus, allowing simultaneous physiological and subjective components of emotional experiences.

19. Which Big Five trait is most associated with positive affect, reward sensitivity, and approach?

    Extraversion. Extraversion involves sensitivity to rewards and social engagement, promoting positive emotional experiences and approach-oriented behaviors.

20. What is a cognitive appraisal in emotion theory (Lazarus) and what does it determine?

    Evaluation of meaning/threat that shapes emotional response. In Lazarus's theory, cognitive appraisal assesses an event's significance and potential harm, directly determining the type and intensity of the ensuing emotion.

21. What is the core CBT proposition about the relationship among thoughts, affect, and behavior?

    Cognitions influence affect and behavior; changing thoughts can change both. This reflects CBT's foundational idea that thoughts mediate emotional and behavioral responses, enabling therapeutic interventions through cognitive restructuring.

22. What is cognitive dissonance and what change reduces it most directly?

    Inconsistency discomfort; change beliefs/attitudes to match behavior. Cognitive dissonance theory explains that psychological tension from discrepancies prompts attitude adjustments to align with actions, restoring consistency.

23. Which concept describes how temperament and environment jointly shape behavior over time?

    Goodness of fit. Goodness of fit theory explains that adaptive behaviors emerge when environmental demands align with innate temperamental traits, influencing long-term adjustment.

24. Identify the correct mediator: In CBT, what variable links event to emotion/behavior most directly?

    Automatic thoughts/appraisals (beliefs about the event). CBT posits that these immediate cognitions interpret situations, thereby mediating the pathway from stimuli to subsequent emotional and behavioral reactions.

25. Which concept describes stable cognitive structures that guide interpretation and emotion?

    Schemas. Schemas organize prior knowledge to filter perceptions, thereby influencing emotional responses and behavioral choices consistently over time.

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