Using Demonstratives Clearly — I can use demonstratives (this/that/these/those) with clear nouns to avoid vagueness.

Language has always needed a way to "point" at things. Long before writing existed, speakers gestured at nearby objects and distant ones, and they needed words to match those gestures. The words this, that, these, and those are called demonstratives because they "demonstrate" or show which item a speaker is talking about. These little words carry a big responsibility: without them, communication becomes confusing fast.

So what problem does this lesson solve? Imagine reading a sentence like: "The coach yelled at the team after the game. That was frustrating." What exactly was frustrating—the yelling, the game, or the team's performance? Without a clear noun attached to that, the reader is left guessing. This lesson teaches you how to pair demonstratives with clear nouns so your writing is never vague.

Before you can fix vague demonstratives, you need to understand how they work. A demonstrative is a word that identifies a specific noun and tells us how near or far it is. Demonstratives can function in two ways: as determiners (placed before a noun, like "this book") or as pronouns (standing alone in place of a noun, like "This is mine"). The clarity problems usually arise when they stand alone as pronouns without an obvious antecedent—the noun they are replacing.

Study the grid above and notice two things. First, the left-right axis tracks distance: "this" and "these" are for things that feel close to you—physically close, recently mentioned, or happening right now. "That" and "those" are for things farther away. Second, the top-bottom axis tracks number: the top row is singular (one item) and the bottom row is plural (more than one). Every time you write a sentence, pick the correct square in this grid and follow the demonstrative with a specific noun.

The Vague Demonstrative Problem

A vague demonstrative occurs when a word like "this" or "that" stands alone as a pronoun, and the reader cannot tell exactly what it refers to. Consider the sentence: "The experiment failed and the data was lost. This was disappointing." Does "this" refer to the failure, the lost data, or the whole situation? The reader has to guess, and guessing slows reading and causes misunderstanding.

The Noun-Attachment Fix

The fix is simple: attach a noun right after the demonstrative. Instead of "This was disappointing," write "This data loss was disappointing" or "This failed experiment was disappointing." The noun you choose tells the reader exactly what you mean. Think of the demonstrative as a spotlight and the noun as the object on stage—if the spotlight hits the object, the audience sees it clearly.

The diagram above shows the core mechanism of vague demonstratives and how to repair them. On the left side, the word "that" stands alone. Because the previous sentence contains two possible referents (the loss and the firing), the reader cannot decide which one the writer means. On the right side, inserting the noun "decision" immediately after "that" eliminates every other interpretation. Follow the three-step editing process shown at the bottom every time you revise your writing: (1) spot any demonstrative standing alone, (2) ask what it refers to, and (3) insert that answer as a noun right after the demonstrative.

Not every stand-alone demonstrative is a problem. The trick is knowing when the reference is already obvious and when it is not. Let's classify the main patterns you will encounter in your reading and writing.

Let's walk through a real paragraph that contains vague demonstratives and fix each one step by step. Here is the original paragraph a student wrote for a history class:

Using demonstratives with nouns is a powerful revision tool, but like any tool it can be misused. Below is a comparison of the strengths and common pitfalls students encounter.

Mastering demonstratives is just one piece of a much larger skill: cohesion (making your sentences link together smoothly). As you advance through high school and into college writing, you will encounter other reference and cohesion tools. The table below shows how demonstrative clarity connects to these broader strategies.

As you move into AP courses, college essays, and professional writing, you will see that the habit of attaching clear nouns to demonstratives naturally grows into a broader ability to write cohesive, reader-friendly prose. Rhetorical scholars call the demonstrative-plus-noun pattern a pointing word plus summary noun construction, and it is one of the most effective tools for guiding readers through complex arguments. Start building this habit now, and your future writing will be much stronger.