Under the due process limits on binding nonparties, which relationship most commonly binds a nonparty to a prior judgment?
QUESTION
Under the Restatement (Second), what preclusive effect does a judgment resting on two alternative independent findings have?
QUESTION
What are the elements of issue preclusion?
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ANSWER
The same issue was actually litigated, determined, and essential to a valid final judgment. The party against whom it is asserted must also have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue.