The Enlightenment - AP World History
- What is the Enlightenment idea of deism?
- Belief in a rational God who doesn't intervene in the universe. Rejection of organized religion while maintaining belief in a creator.
- How did Enlightenment thinkers view human nature?
- As rational and capable of improvement. Enlightenment rejected the idea of inherent human sinfulness.
- What is the main argument in Hobbes' 'Leviathan'?
- Need for a strong central authority. Argued humans need government to escape the chaos of nature.
- Which Enlightenment idea influenced the American and French Revolutions?
- Popular sovereignty. The idea that government derives power from the people's consent.
- Who was an influential deist during the Enlightenment?
- Thomas Paine. American revolutionary who promoted reason over religious revelation.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is known for 'Emile, or On Education'?
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Wrote influential treatise on child development and natural learning.
- What impact did the Enlightenment have on government systems?
- Promotion of democratic ideals. Encouraged representative government and constitutional limitations on power.
- Which Enlightenment philosopher wrote 'The Social Contract'?
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Swiss philosopher who explored the relationship between citizens and state.
- What is the Enlightenment emphasis on human progress known as?
- Optimism. Belief that society and human knowledge could continuously improve.
- What book did Montesquieu write on political theories?
- The Spirit of the Laws. 1748 work analyzing different forms of government and their structures.
- Name an Enlightenment thinker known for advocating women's rights.
- Mary Wollstonecraft. English author who argued for women's education and equality.
- Summarize Kant's definition of Enlightenment.
- Man's emergence from self-imposed immaturity. The courage to think independently without external guidance.
- Identify one of the Enlightenment's impacts on education.
- Promotion of public education. Enlightenment thinkers believed knowledge should be accessible to all.
- Identify a principle from the Declaration of Independence.
- Equality and unalienable rights. Core democratic values enshrined in the American founding document.
- Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
- Immanuel Kant. German philosopher who explored the limits of human knowledge.
- What did John Locke argue in his 'Two Treatises of Government'?
- Natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Foundational principles that governments must protect.
- Which book by Adam Smith laid the foundations of capitalist theory?
- The Wealth of Nations. 1776 economic treatise explaining market mechanisms and trade benefits.
- What movement did the Enlightenment help inspire in the 19th century?
- Romanticism. Emphasized emotion and nature as reactions to Enlightenment rationalism.
- What was the Enlightenment?
- An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism. 18th-century philosophical movement that prioritized science over tradition.
- Which Enlightenment writer promoted religious tolerance?
- Voltaire. French philosopher who championed freedom of belief and worship.
- What is the Enlightenment principle of 'tabula rasa'?
- The mind is a blank slate at birth. Locke's theory that environment shapes personality more than heredity.
- Name a significant outcome of the Enlightenment on society.
- Secularization. The decline of religious authority in public life and governance.
- Who is known as the 'Father of Liberalism'?
- John Locke. English philosopher who influenced modern democratic theory.
- Which document was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and signed in 1776?
- The Declaration of Independence. Applied Locke's natural rights theory to justify American independence.
- Which Enlightenment thinker developed the idea of a social contract?
- Thomas Hobbes. English philosopher who first theorized government by mutual agreement.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the separation of powers?
- Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
- Identify a key concept of Enlightenment philosophy.
- Rationalism. The belief that logical thinking should guide human decisions.
- What did Voltaire criticize in his works?
- Intolerance and religious dogma. He opposed censorship and religious persecution throughout Europe.
- Name an Enlightenment thinker who advocated for freedom of speech.
- Voltaire. French writer famous for defending civil liberties.
- Name one of the main contributors to the Encyclopédie.
- Denis Diderot. Co-edited this comprehensive reference work with d'Alembert.
- What role did salons play during the Enlightenment?
- Centers for intellectual discussion. Wealthy women hosted gatherings where philosophers shared ideas.
- What Enlightenment idea influenced the American Bill of Rights?
- Individual liberties. Protected freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly from government.
- What did the Enlightenment contribute to the development of science?
- Emphasis on empirical evidence and rational thought. Promoted the scientific method and experimental observation.
- What is Immanuel Kant's well-known essay on Enlightenment?
- What is Enlightenment. 1784 essay defining intellectual independence and critical thinking.
- Summarize Rousseau's idea of the 'general will'.
- The collective interest of the people. The common good that should guide democratic decision-making.
- Who wrote 'Candide', a satirical novel critiquing society?
- Voltaire. French writer who used humor to expose social and political corruption.
- What key idea did Adam Smith introduce in economics?
- The invisible hand. Market forces that naturally regulate supply and demand.
- What economic system did Adam Smith promote?
- Capitalism. Economic theory based on free markets and private ownership.
- What work did Mary Wollstonecraft write advocating for women's rights?
- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792 treatise arguing women deserve equal education and opportunities.