Industrial Revolution Begins - AP World History
- What was the purpose of labor unions?
- To advocate for workers' rights and better conditions. Collective bargaining provided workers leverage against factory owners.
- Identify one major social effect of the Industrial Revolution.
- Rise of the working class. Factory workers formed distinct social and economic group.
- What is the significance of the power loom?
- It mechanized the process of weaving cloth. Automated weaving, dramatically increasing cloth production speed.
- Identify a key proponent of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution.
- Adam Smith. Wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' advocating free market principles.
- What is mechanization?
- The use of machines to perform work previously done by hand. Replaced human and animal power with steam-driven machinery.
- Identify the main industry that led the Industrial Revolution.
- Textile industry. First to mechanize production with innovations like the spinning jenny.
- What is socialism?
- An economic system advocating for collective ownership of production. Workers control means of production to eliminate class exploitation.
- What was the impact of the telegraph?
- It revolutionized communication over long distances. Enabled instant messaging across continents for business coordination.
- What is the main idea in Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations'?
- Free markets lead to economic prosperity. Individual self-interest promotes overall economic growth and efficiency.
- What was a negative effect of urbanization?
- Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions. Rapid city growth outpaced infrastructure development and planning.
- What is urbanization?
- The movement of people from rural to urban areas. Driven by factory jobs and improved economic opportunities in cities.
- In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
- Great Britain. Had abundant coal, capital, and colonial resources to fuel industrialization.
- Define 'factory system'.
- Production method using machinery and division of labor. Centralized production for efficiency and standardized quality control.
- What is the significance of the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851?
- Showcased industrial achievements and technological innovations. First World's Fair displayed Britain's industrial supremacy globally.
- Which raw material was vital for the textile industry?
- Cotton. Supplied by colonies and processed in British textile mills.
- Name the economic system characterized by private ownership during the Industrial Revolution.
- Capitalism. Private ownership of means of production for profit maximization.
- What was the impact of the cotton gin on slavery in the U.S.?
- Increased demand for slave labor on cotton plantations. Made cotton cultivation more profitable, expanding plantation system.
- Which class emerged and expanded due to industrialization?
- The middle class. Factory owners, managers, and professionals gained wealth and influence.
- What was the impact of industrialization on global trade?
- Expanded global markets and increased trade volumes. Industrial goods reached new markets worldwide through improved transport.
- What was the significance of the steam engine?
- It enabled mechanization and transportation advances. Powered factories, trains, and ships across various industries.
- What is the significance of interchangeable parts?
- It allowed for mass production and easier repairs. Eli Whitney's innovation standardized manufacturing and reduced costs.
- Identify one agricultural advancement during the Industrial Revolution.
- The seed drill. Planted seeds in rows at proper depth, improving crop yields.
- What is laissez-faire capitalism?
- An economic system with minimal government intervention. Free market competition without government regulation or interference.
- What is the Spinning Jenny?
- A multi-spindle spinning frame that increased yarn production. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 to revolutionize cotton spinning.
- Which invention revolutionized the newspaper industry?
- The steam-powered printing press. Enabled mass production of newspapers, spreading information rapidly.
- What was the role of canals during the Industrial Revolution?
- Facilitated transportation of goods and resources. Linked industrial centers with raw materials and markets efficiently.
- What was the Luddites' reaction to industrialization?
- They destroyed machines they believed threatened their jobs. Feared unemployment from automation would destroy traditional crafts.
- Which energy source powered the early factories?
- Coal. Abundant in Britain and provided concentrated energy for steam engines.
- What is the significance of the Enclosure Acts?
- They privatized common lands, forcing rural migration to cities. Created landless peasants who became urban factory workers.
- Identify one health consequence of poor urban conditions.
- Spread of diseases like cholera. Poor sanitation and crowded conditions facilitated disease transmission.
- What is the significance of the locomotive?
- Revolutionized land transport and trade. Connected distant markets and reduced transportation costs significantly.
- What transportation innovation occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
- Railroads. Enabled rapid, efficient transport of goods and people.
- What role did banks play in the Industrial Revolution?
- Provided capital for industrial ventures. Financed machinery, factories, and infrastructure development projects.
- Identify a key concept of Karl Marx's theory.
- Class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat. Predicted inevitable conflict between capitalists and workers.
- What is the significance of the Factory Acts in Britain?
- Legislation aimed at improving working conditions. Regulated child labor, working hours, and safety standards.
- Which innovation improved iron production?
- The Bessemer process. Removed impurities from iron to produce stronger, cheaper steel.
- What was the Industrial Revolution?
- A period of rapid industrial growth in the 18th-19th centuries. Marked transition from manual labor to mechanized production.
- Who invented the cotton gin?
- Eli Whitney. Created in 1793 to separate cotton fibers from seeds efficiently.
- What is industrial capitalism?
- An economic system based on industrial production and profit. Combined mechanized production with private ownership for maximum profit.