Continuity and Change - AP World History
- Identify the architectural style that flourished during this period in Europe.
- Baroque. Ornate artistic style emphasizing drama, movement, and emotional intensity.
- What was the dominant economic activity in the Spanish colonies of the Americas?
- Silver mining. Potosí and other mines provided vast wealth for the Spanish crown.
- Which empire's decline was accelerated by the Siege of Vienna in 1683?
- Ottoman Empire. Failed siege marked the beginning of Ottoman territorial decline in Europe.
- Which empire's capital was Constantinople, renamed Istanbul in 1453?
- Ottoman Empire. Renamed the Byzantine capital after Mehmed II's conquest in 1453.
- Identify the treaty that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
- Treaty of Tordesillas. 1494 agreement that split newly discovered lands between two Catholic powers.
- Name the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
- Treaty of Westphalia. Established principles of state sovereignty and ended religious wars in Europe.
- Name the empire known for its tolerance and integration of different cultures and religions.
- Ottoman Empire. Used the millet system to govern diverse religious and ethnic communities.
- Identify the empire that controlled much of India during the 16th and 17th centuries.
- Mughal Empire. Islamic empire founded by Babur that dominated the Indian subcontinent.
- Which country expelled the Jesuits in the mid-18th century, fearing their influence?
- Portugal. Feared Jesuit political power and independent loyalty to the Pope.
- Name the French king who epitomized absolutism and ruled from 1643 to 1715.
- Louis XIV. The Sun King who centralized French power and built Versailles palace.
- Which empire was established by Osman I in the late 13th century?
- Ottoman Empire. Turkish empire that expanded from Anatolia across three continents.
- Which Spanish conquistador led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire?
- Francisco Pizarro. Conquistador who captured Atahualpa and destroyed the Inca civilization.
- Identify the Japanese policy that restricted foreign influence and trade.
- Sakoku. Isolation policy that limited foreign contact to prevent cultural change.
- What term describes the forced migration of Africans to the Americas?
- Transatlantic Slave Trade. The forced transportation of millions of Africans to work in the Americas.
- Which European city was a major center of trade and finance during this period?
- Amsterdam. Dutch commercial center that dominated European banking and trade networks.
- What is the term for a large agricultural estate in the Spanish colonies?
- Hacienda. Large plantation-style estate that dominated Spanish colonial agriculture.
- Identify the Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644.
- Ming Dynasty. Chinese dynasty that restored native rule after overthrowing the Mongol Yuan.
- Identify the system where European powers claimed exclusive trading rights in Asian ports.
- Trading Post Empire. European strategy of controlling key ports rather than large territories.
- Which Chinese explorer led expeditions to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa?
- Zheng He. Ming admiral who led massive treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean.
- Which Asian country limited European influence by adopting a policy of isolationism?
- Japan. Implemented sakoku policy to prevent foreign cultural and religious influence.
- Which empire was established by Babur in the 16th century?
- Mughal Empire. Founded by the Timurid prince who invaded India in the 1520s.
- Identify the intellectual movement that emphasized reason and individualism over tradition.
- The Enlightenment. 18th-century movement that promoted scientific thinking and natural rights.
- Identify the disease that decimated indigenous populations in the Americas post-1492.
- Smallpox. European disease that killed millions of Native Americans with no immunity.
- What period saw the rise of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?
- 1450–1750. The early modern period when these Islamic gunpowder empires reached their peak.
- What was the primary religion of the Safavid Empire?
- Shia Islam. The Safavids made this branch of Islam their official state religion.
- What is the term for the cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds?
- Columbian Exchange. The widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, and diseases after 1492.
- What system forced native workers to labor in Spanish mines and plantations?
- Encomienda System. Spanish colonial labor system that exploited indigenous American populations.
- Identify the economic system where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country.
- Mercantilism. Colonial economic system designed to benefit the European mother country.
- Identify the major cash crop produced in the Caribbean colonies.
- Sugar. Labor-intensive crop that drove the Atlantic slave trade expansion.
- Which Portuguese explorer was the first to reach India by sea?
- Vasco da Gama. Opened direct maritime trade route from Europe to Asia around Africa.
- Name the Russian leader who expanded the empire and westernized its culture.
- Peter the Great. Reformed Russian society by adopting European customs and military technology.
- Which economic policy focuses on accumulating precious metals through trade balance?
- Mercantilism. Economic theory promoting exports over imports to maintain favorable trade balance.
- What was the primary religion of the Mughal Empire?
- Islam. Though tolerant of Hinduism, the ruling dynasty practiced this faith.
- Which European country initiated the Atlantic Slave Trade in the 15th century?
- Portugal. First European nation to establish slave trading posts on the African coast.