Contextualizing Period 1 - AP U.S. History

1. Which Native American confederacy was located in the northeastern United States?

   Iroquois Confederacy. Five-nation alliance controlling territory around Great Lakes.

2. What was the primary agricultural product of the Caribbean colonies?

   Sugar. Ideal climate created profitable plantation economy.

3. Identify the impact of horses on Native American societies.

   Improved hunting and warfare capabilities. Revolutionized Plains Indian mobility and buffalo hunting.

4. Identify the economic policy that encouraged accumulation of wealth through colonies.

   Mercantilism. Colonies provided raw materials and bought finished goods.

5. Which crop introduced from the Americas became a staple in Europe?

   Potatoes. Provided nutrition and prevented famines across Europe.

6. What was the Columbian Exchange?

   Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds. Transformed global agriculture, demographics, and culture.

7. What was the main agricultural product of the French Caribbean colonies?

   Sugar. Martinique and Guadeloupe became major sugar producers.

8. What was the primary purpose of the encomienda system?

   To regulate Native American labor. Granted colonists control over indigenous labor and tribute.

9. Which European nation was the first to engage in the African slave trade?

   Portugal. Dominated West African slave trade from the 15th century.

10. Which Spanish conquistador led the expedition that caused the fall of the Inca Empire?

    Francisco Pizarro. Captured Atahualpa and conquered Cuzco in 1533.

11. Which explorer's voyage led to the first circumnavigation of the Earth?

    Ferdinand Magellan. His crew completed the journey after his death in Philippines.

12. What was the primary purpose of the Spanish Armada?

    To invade England. Philip II's 1588 fleet was defeated by English navy.

13. Identify the cash crop that became vital for the economy of Virginia.

    Tobacco. John Rolfe's cultivation made it highly profitable export.

14. What was the main religious motive for European exploration?

    Spread Christianity. Catholic nations sought to convert indigenous peoples.

15. Identify the economic system based on profitable trading prevalent during this period.

    Mercantilism. Emphasized exports over imports to accumulate national wealth.

16. What was the impact of European colonization on Native American culture?

    Displacement and cultural assimilation. Lost traditional lands, languages, and social structures.

17. What is the time frame of Period 1 in AP US History?

    1491 to 1607. Covers from Columbus's arrival to Jamestown's founding.

18. What was the primary reason for the decline of indigenous populations in the Americas?

    Diseases brought by Europeans. Smallpox, measles, and typhus devastated native populations.

19. Which Native American society constructed large earthen mounds in the Mississippi region?

    Mississippian culture. Built complex cities like Cahokia before European contact.

20. What was the significance of the Northwest Passage?

    A sought-for sea route through North America to Asia. Would have provided direct access to Asian markets.

21. Identify the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

    Jamestown. Established 1607 in Virginia for economic profit.

22. What was the main goal of European explorers during the Age of Exploration?

    Finding new trade routes to Asia. Sought westward routes to reach Asian spices and goods.

23. Which crop from the Americas increased Europe's population growth after introduction?

    Maize (corn). Higher caloric yield supported larger European populations.

24. Identify the primary economic activity of Spanish colonies in the New World.

    Mining and agriculture. Spain extracted gold, silver, and established plantations.

25. Identify the navigational tool improved during the Age of Exploration.

    Astrolabe. Determined latitude by measuring celestial body angles.

26. Which explorer is credited with discovering the New World in 1492?

    Christopher Columbus. His 1492 voyage initiated sustained European contact with Americas.

27. Identify the term describing the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic.

    African Diaspora. Describes forced migration and cultural dispersal of Africans.

28. Which European country first established a trading post in India in 1498?

    Portugal. Vasco da Gama reached India via the Cape of Good Hope.

29. What was the primary reason for France's colonization efforts in North America?

    Fur trade. Beaver pelts were highly valued in European markets.

30. What was the primary cause of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?

    Resentment towards Spanish religious and economic policies. Resistance to forced conversion and labor exploitation.

31. Which European nation established the city of Quebec in 1608?

    France. Samuel de Champlain founded this fur trading center.

32. What role did the Spanish missions play in the New World?

    Convert Native Americans to Christianity. Combined religious conversion with territorial control.

33. Which disease, brought by Europeans, devastated Native American populations?

    Smallpox. Killed up to 90% of some native populations.

34. What was the primary reason for the establishment of Spanish missions in California?

    Spread Christianity. Part of Spain's broader evangelization efforts in New World.

35. Which indigenous empire did Hernán Cortés conquer in the early 16th century?

    Aztec Empire. Cortés conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521 with indigenous allies.

36. Which European explorer is credited with naming the Pacific Ocean?

    Ferdinand Magellan. Called it 'Pacific' meaning peaceful after rough Atlantic crossing.

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