Storing Memories - AP Psychology

1. What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

   Explicit memory is conscious recall, implicit is unconscious. Distinction between intentional and automatic memory processes.

2. Which type of memory involves the conscious recollection of past experiences?

   Episodic memory involves conscious recollection of past experiences. Autobiographical memory requiring conscious awareness and effort.

3. What is the primary focus of the central executive in working memory?

   The central executive directs attention and coordinates cognitive tasks. Controls attention and coordinates working memory components.

4. Identify the memory phenomenon where old information affects new learning.

   This is proactive interference. Previously learned information interferes with new learning.

5. What is the impact of interference on memory retrieval?

   Interference disrupts retrieval by overlapping similar memories. Competition between memories reduces retrieval accuracy.

6. What is the term for the loss of memory over time?

   This is referred to as decay. Natural weakening of memory traces over time.

7. What is the capacity of short-term memory?

   The capacity is about 7 ± 2 items. Miller's magic number for immediate memory span.

8. Which model describes memory as a sequence of three stages?

   The Atkinson-Shiffrin model describes three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Classic model showing memory flow through distinct stages.

9. What is the function of the phonological loop in working memory?

   The phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information. Component of working memory for language-based information.

10. What does the serial position effect describe?

    The serial position effect describes better recall of first and last items. Demonstrates primacy and recency effects in memory.

11. What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

    The hippocampus is involved in forming new long-term memories. Critical brain structure for memory consolidation.

12. What is chunking, and how does it improve memory?

    Chunking is grouping information into units to improve memory. Strategy that increases memory capacity through organization.

13. What is the term for the vividness of memories for unusual events?

    This is known as the von Restorff effect. Isolation effect where distinctive items are better remembered.

14. What is the term for retrieving information without cues?

    This is known as free recall. Recall without external prompts or retrieval cues.

15. Identify the primary function of sensory memory.

    Sensory memory temporarily holds sensory information. Brief storage of sensory input before processing.

16. Identify the type of memory associated with facts and knowledge.

    Semantic memory is associated with facts and knowledge. Type of explicit long-term memory for general knowledge.

17. How does state-dependent memory affect retrieval?

    State-dependent memory retrieval is easier when in the same state as encoding. Internal state provides retrieval cues for better recall.

18. Define 'retroactive interference' in memory processes.

    Retroactive interference is when new information disrupts old information retrieval. Recent learning interferes with recall of older information.

19. Identify the memory system that involves temporary holding of information.

    Working memory involves temporary holding and manipulation of information. Active processing system beyond simple storage.

20. What is the duration of information in short-term memory?

    The duration is about 15-30 seconds without rehearsal. Limited timeframe before information decays without rehearsal.

21. What is the process of consolidating memories?

    Consolidation is stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition. Process that strengthens and stabilizes new memories.

22. Define 'flashbulb memory' in psychological terms.

    Flashbulb memory is a vivid, detailed memory of an emotional event. Highly detailed memory formed during significant emotional events.

23. Define 'iconic memory' in the sensory memory system.

    Iconic memory is a brief visual sensory memory. Ultra-brief visual memory lasting milliseconds.

24. Which brain structure is critical for procedural memory?

    The cerebellum is critical for procedural memory. Brain region that stores motor skills and habits.

25. What is the process of encoding in memory storage?

    Encoding is converting information into a form for memory storage. First stage in the three-step memory process.

26. Define 'working memory' in the context of cognitive psychology.

    Working memory is a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. Active system that processes information for cognitive tasks.

27. Define the term 'storage' in the context of memory.

    Storage is retaining encoded information over time. Second stage that maintains information in memory systems.

28. What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

    The amygdala processes emotional memories. Brain structure that enhances emotional memory formation.

29. What does the term 'priming' refer to in memory retrieval?

    Priming is exposure to a stimulus influencing response to another stimulus. Previous exposure facilitates processing of related stimuli.

30. What is the impact of rehearsal on memory retention?

    Rehearsal improves memory retention by strengthening neural connections. Repetition consolidates memories through neural pathway strengthening.

31. What is the function of retrieval in memory processing?

    Retrieval is accessing stored information from memory. Final stage that brings stored memories back to consciousness.

32. What type of memory is involved in skills and habits?

    Procedural memory is involved in skills and habits. Type of implicit memory for learned motor behaviors.

33. What is the dual coding theory in memory storage?

    Dual coding theory involves verbal and visual information storage. Theory proposing two separate memory systems for different information types.

34. How does the spacing effect influence memory retention?

    The spacing effect enhances retention by spreading learning over time. Distributed practice improves long-term retention.

35. What is 'echoic memory' in the context of sensory memory?

    Echoic memory is a brief auditory sensory memory. Ultra-brief auditory memory lasting a few seconds.

36. Which neurotransmitter is heavily involved in memory formation?

    Acetylcholine is heavily involved in memory formation. Key neurotransmitter for learning and memory processes.

37. What is the phenomenon of 'context-dependent memory'?

    Context-dependent memory is easier retrieval when in the same environment as encoding. Environmental cues enhance memory retrieval effectiveness.

38. How is information organized in a hierarchical model of memory?

    Information is organized in a hierarchical structure with categories and subcategories. Knowledge organized from general concepts to specific details.

39. Define 'episodic memory' in the context of memory types.

    Episodic memory is the recall of personal experiences and events. Type of explicit memory for personal life events.

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