Social, Cognitive, Neurological Factors in Learning - AP Psychology
- Identify the brain region involved in language comprehension.
- Wernicke's area. Language understanding center in the temporal lobe.
- What is reinforcement in behaviorist theory?
- A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior. Strengthens behavior through positive or negative consequences.
- What is the term for a decrease in response after repeated exposure?
- Habituation. Adaptive response that filters out irrelevant stimuli.
- Which lobe of the brain is most associated with executive functions?
- Frontal lobe. Controls planning, reasoning, and impulse control.
- Which part of the brain is crucial for motor control and coordination?
- Cerebellum. Also processes cognitive tasks and motor learning.
- What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- Processing sensory information. Integrates touch, spatial awareness, and attention.
- What is the term for learning that occurs without reinforcement?
- Latent learning. Learning occurs but isn't immediately demonstrated.
- What is the primary role of the frontal lobe?
- Executive functions and decision-making. Higher-order thinking and behavioral regulation.
- Which learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes?
- Cognitive learning theory. Focuses on thinking, understanding, and problem-solving.
- Which brain part regulates autonomic functions like heart rate?
- Medulla oblongata. Controls breathing and heart rate automatically.
- Identify the psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs.
- Abraham Maslow. Humanistic approach to motivation and self-actualization.
- Define the concept of self-efficacy.
- Belief in one's ability to succeed. Confidence influences motivation and learning persistence.
- What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt?
- Neuroplasticity. Brain's capacity for learning-induced structural changes.
- What is the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information?
- Memory. Fundamental cognitive process underlying all learning.
- What is the primary function of the amygdala?
- Processing emotions. Fear center critical for emotional learning.
- Identify the process of acquiring and modifying knowledge and skills.
- Learning. Fundamental process of behavioral and cognitive change.
- What neurotransmitter is involved in regulating mood and anxiety?
- Serotonin. Influences mood, sleep, and emotional regulation.
- Define the term 'modeling' in social learning theory.
- Imitation of others' behavior. Central mechanism in observational learning processes.
- What is the role of acetylcholine in the brain?
- Involved in learning and memory. Enhances attention and facilitates memory formation.
- What is the role of the thalamus in the brain?
- Relays sensory information to the cortex. Gateway that filters information to appropriate brain areas.
- Define intrinsic motivation.
- Motivation driven by internal rewards. Self-directed behavior driven by personal satisfaction.
- Identify the type of conditioning demonstrated by B.F. Skinner's experiments.
- Operant conditioning. Learning through consequences, not just associations.
- Which neurotransmitter is associated with reward and pleasure?
- Dopamine. Key neurotransmitter in reinforcement learning.
- Identify the psychologist known for the theory of operant conditioning.
- B.F. Skinner. Pioneered behavior modification through reinforcement schedules.
- What is the term for learning through consequences of behavior?
- Operant conditioning. Behavior shaped by rewards and punishments.
- Identify the brain structure crucial for forming new memories.
- Hippocampus. Essential for converting short-term to long-term memories.
- What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?
- Regulates reward and pleasure systems. Motivates goal-seeking and reinforces learning behaviors.
- State the role of mirror neurons in learning.
- Mirror neurons facilitate imitation and empathy. Fire when observing actions, enabling social learning.
- What theory did Albert Bandura develop?
- Social Learning Theory. Emphasizes learning through observation and modeling.
- What is the definition of extrinsic motivation?
- Motivation driven by external rewards. Behavior driven by external consequences or incentives.
- Which part of the brain is primarily involved in language production?
- Broca's area. Speech production center in the frontal lobe.
- Define cognitive dissonance.
- Mental discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs. Motivates attitude change to reduce inconsistency.
- Which brain structure is involved in the processing of fear?
- Amygdala. Evaluates threats and triggers fear responses.
- Define classical conditioning.
- Learning through association of stimuli. Pavlovian conditioning creates automatic responses.
- What is observational learning?
- Learning by observing others' behavior. Key component of Bandura's Social Learning Theory.
- Which neurotransmitter is most associated with stress response?
- Norepinephrine. Activates fight-or-flight responses during threats.
- What is the primary focus of the hippocampus?
- Formation of new memories. Consolidates experiences into lasting memories.
- Identify the psychologist known for the Bobo doll experiment.
- Albert Bandura. Demonstrated observational learning with aggressive behavior.
- Which brain part is involved in procedural memory and motor skills?
- Cerebellum. Critical for learning automatic movements and habits.
- What is a schema in cognitive psychology?
- A cognitive framework for organizing information. Mental structure that guides information processing.
- What is the term for decreased response to repeated stimuli?
- Habituation. Non-associative learning reducing neural sensitivity.