Sleep - AP Psychology
- What is the main symptom of restless legs syndrome?
- Uncomfortable urge to move the legs. Neurological condition causing irresistible urges to move legs.
- What is the definition of sleep efficiency?
- Ratio of total sleep time to time in bed. Percentage measuring how effectively time in bed is spent sleeping.
- What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep?
- Regulates circadian rhythms. Brain's master clock controlling sleep-wake timing.
- What is the main characteristic of non-REM sleep?
- Lack of vivid dreaming. NREM stages feature minimal dream activity and slower brain waves.
- What is the primary function of sleep according to the restoration theory?
- Sleep restores body and brain functions. Theory suggesting sleep repairs cellular damage and waste removal.
- What is the primary symptom of delayed sleep phase disorder?
- Difficulty falling asleep at conventional times. Circadian rhythm disorder causing delayed sleep-wake timing.
- What is the effect of chronic sleep deprivation on health?
- Increased risk of chronic diseases. Persistent sleep loss increases cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk.
- What is the term for the body's internal clock?
- Circadian rhythm. 24-hour biological clock regulating sleep-wake patterns.
- What is the term for difficulty falling or staying asleep?
- Insomnia. The most common sleep disorder affecting sleep initiation or maintenance.
- What is the average duration of a complete sleep cycle?
- Approximately 90 minutes. Time to progress through all NREM and REM stages once.
- Which stage of sleep is most associated with dreaming?
- REM sleep. Most vivid dreams occur during this rapid eye movement stage.
- What is the effect of caffeine on sleep?
- Delays sleep onset and reduces sleep quality. Stimulant blocks adenosine receptors, preventing sleepiness signals.
- What is sleep paralysis?
- Temporary inability to move or speak upon waking. REM muscle atonia persists briefly into waking consciousness.
- What is the function of sleep according to the memory consolidation theory?
- Reinforces learning and memory. Sleep strengthens neural connections formed during learning.
- Which neurotransmitter is involved in promoting wakefulness?
- Norepinephrine. Stimulant neurotransmitter that maintains alertness and arousal.
- What is the effect of blue light exposure before bed?
- Suppresses melatonin production. Disrupts natural melatonin release, delaying sleep onset.
- Which hormone is primarily responsible for sleep regulation?
- Melatonin. Released by the pineal gland in response to darkness.
- What is the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance?
- Impaired attention, memory, and decision-making. Inadequate sleep compromises executive function and processing speed.
- What is the term for the phenomenon of waking up before an alarm?
- Anticipatory arousal. Biological clock can trigger awakening before external stimuli.
- Identify the stage of sleep where the body repairs tissues.
- Stage 3 of NREM sleep. Deep sleep promotes physical recovery and tissue regeneration.
- What is the definition of sleep inertia?
- Grogginess and impaired performance after waking. Temporary cognitive impairment immediately following awakening.
- What is the typical sleep duration recommended for adults?
- 7-9 hours per night. Optimal range for maintaining health and cognitive function.
- What is a hypnic jerk?
- An involuntary muscle twitch during sleep onset. Normal muscle spasm occurring during transition to sleep.
- What is the primary function of sleep according to the adaptive theory?
- Conserves energy and protects from predators. Evolutionary theory explaining sleep as survival mechanism.
- Identify the brain wave associated with deep sleep.
- Delta waves. The slowest brain waves, characteristic of deep sleep stages.
- What kind of brain waves are associated with relaxed wakefulness?
- Alpha waves. 8-12 Hz waves present when calm but awake.
- What stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles?
- Stage 2 of NREM sleep. Brief bursts of brain activity that help maintain sleep.
- Which sleep disorder involves uncontrollable sleep attacks?
- Narcolepsy. Disorder causing sudden, irresistible urges to sleep during daytime.
- What is the primary characteristic of sleep apnea?
- Interrupted breathing during sleep. Airway obstruction causes repeated breathing pauses during sleep.
- Which stage of sleep is deepest and most restorative?
- Stage 3 of NREM sleep. Slow-wave sleep crucial for physical restoration and growth hormone release.
- Identify the stage of sleep where sleepwalking occurs.
- Stage 3 of NREM sleep. Deep sleep stage when complex motor behaviors can occur.
- Which stage of sleep features the slowest brain waves?
- Stage 3 of NREM sleep. Deep sleep dominated by delta waves under 4 Hz.
- What characterizes the transition from wakefulness to sleep?
- Hypnogogic state. Drowsy state between wakefulness and sleep onset.
- What is the role of adenosine in sleep regulation?
- Promotes sleepiness. Chemical byproduct of metabolism that accumulates during wakefulness.
- What is the term for waking frequently during the night?
- Fragmented sleep. Frequent awakenings reduce sleep quality and restoration.
- What is the primary effect of alcohol on sleep?
- Disrupts REM sleep. Alcohol fragments sleep and reduces restorative REM phases.
- Which brain structure is crucial for regulating sleep-wake cycles?
- Hypothalamus. Contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body's master clock.
- What is the definition of REM sleep?
- Rapid Eye Movement sleep; a sleep stage with vivid dreams. Stage characterized by dreaming and temporary muscle paralysis.