Intelligence and Achievement - AP Psychology

1. Define 'fluid intelligence'.

   Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems and think abstractly. Peaks in early adulthood then gradually declines with age.

2. What does 'nonverbal intelligence' assess?

   Nonverbal intelligence assesses reasoning and problem-solving without language. Uses visual and spatial tasks rather than verbal items.

3. What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?

   IQ is a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others. IQ compares individual performance to age-matched peers.

4. Identify a characteristic of creativity.

   Originality is a characteristic of creativity. Along with flexibility, fluency, and elaboration.

5. What is the focus of aptitude tests?

   Aptitude tests measure potential to learn or perform tasks. Aptitude predicts future learning or performance capacity.

6. What is 'criterion-referenced' testing?

   Criterion-referenced tests measure performance against a fixed set of criteria. Performance judged against absolute standards, not others.

7. What is 'standard deviation' in the context of IQ scores?

   Standard deviation measures the dispersion of IQ scores around the mean. Most IQ tests use a standard deviation of 15 points.

8. Define 'standardization' in the context of testing.

   Standardization involves administering tests under consistent conditions. Ensures fair comparison across all test-takers.

9. What is 'content validity'?

   Content validity is the extent to which a test represents the subject matter. Content validity ensures comprehensive coverage of the domain.

10. What is 'test-retest reliability'?

    Test-retest reliability is the consistency of scores over time. Same test given twice to assess temporal stability.

11. What is the primary goal of intelligence tests?

    To assess an individual's cognitive abilities and potential. Intelligence tests evaluate thinking skills and reasoning ability.

12. Identify a key factor in emotional intelligence.

    Self-awareness is a key factor in emotional intelligence. Understanding one's own emotions is foundational to EI.

13. How is 'mental age' determined?

    Mental age is determined by the level of performance on an intelligence test. Based on the difficulty level of problems solved correctly.

14. What is 'cultural bias' in testing?

    Cultural bias occurs when a test favors certain cultural groups over others. Unfair advantages for some cultural backgrounds over others.

15. What is 'construct validity'?

    Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures the intended concept. Assesses whether the test measures the theoretical construct.

16. What does the term 'g factor' refer to in intelligence?

    The 'g factor' refers to general intelligence. Spearman's concept of unified cognitive ability underlying all tasks.

17. What is the purpose of the Stanford-Binet test?

    To measure intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults. One of the most widely used individual intelligence tests.

18. What is 'internal consistency' in testing?

    Internal consistency refers to how well test items measure the same construct. All items should correlate with the total score.

19. What is 'criterion-related validity'?

    Criterion-related validity is how well one measure predicts an outcome. This type includes predictive and concurrent validity.

20. List the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory.

    Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. These three components work together in Sternberg's model.

21. What does 'validity' mean in the context of testing?

    Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Valid tests actually measure their intended construct.

22. What does 'norm-referenced' mean?

    Norm-referenced tests compare an individual's performance to a group. Scores are interpreted relative to a normative sample.

23. Which test is used to measure adult intelligence?

    The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). WAIS is the most widely used adult intelligence assessment.

24. State the formula for calculating IQ in children.

    IQ = $\frac{\text{mental age}}{\text{chronological age}} \times 100$. Terman's original formula comparing mental to chronological age.

25. Define 'emotional intelligence'.

    Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. EI focuses on understanding and managing emotions effectively.

26. Which test measures emotional intelligence?

    The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). MSCEIT uses ability-based assessment rather than self-report.

27. What is the primary focus of achievement tests?

    Achievement tests measure knowledge and skills in specific areas. Achievement tests assess what has been learned or mastered.

28. Which psychologist developed the Stanford-Binet test?

    Lewis Terman developed the Stanford-Binet test. Terman adapted Binet's test for American populations.

29. How is reliability defined in testing?

    Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results. Reliable tests produce similar results when repeated.

30. Identify one method to improve test reliability.

    Using standardized procedures can improve test reliability. Consistent administration reduces measurement error.

31. What does 'inter-rater reliability' measure?

    Inter-rater reliability measures consistency among different evaluators. Agreement between different scorers on the same responses.

32. Define 'crystallized intelligence'.

    Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use learned knowledge and experience. Remains stable or increases throughout the lifespan.

33. How can cultural bias in tests be reduced?

    Using culturally neutral questions can reduce bias. Culture-fair items reduce unfair cultural advantages.

34. What is the definition of intelligence?

    Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge. This is the standard definition emphasizing cognitive capacity.

35. Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

    Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner challenged traditional views with his eight distinct intelligences.

36. What is the Flynn Effect?

    The Flynn Effect is the observed rise in average IQ scores over time. Named after James Flynn, who documented this generational trend.

37. Name three types of intelligence in Gardner's theory.

    Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial. These are three of Gardner's eight distinct intelligence types.

38. Identify the creator of the first intelligence test.

    Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test. Binet developed it in 1905 to identify students needing help.

39. Which psychologist is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence?

    Robert Sternberg is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg proposed three distinct types of intellectual ability.

40. What is 'verbal comprehension' in intelligence testing?

    Verbal comprehension measures understanding and use of language. Key component of the WAIS verbal intelligence scale.

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