Gender and Sexual Orientation - AP Psychology

1. What does 'gender affirmation surgery' refer to?

   Surgical procedures that alter one's body to align with their gender identity. Medical procedures to align body with gender identity.

2. What is a 'two-spirit' person?

   A term used by some Indigenous cultures to describe a person with both male and female spirits. A culturally specific identity with spiritual significance.

3. What is 'gender variance'?

   Behaviors or gender expressions that do not conform to societal gender norms. Natural diversity in how people express their gender.

4. Define 'gender policing.'

   Enforcing traditional gender expressions and roles through social pressure. Social control mechanisms that restrict gender expression.

5. What is heteronormativity?

   The assumption that heterosexuality is the norm or default sexual orientation. A system that privileges heterosexual relationships as normal.

6. What does cisgender mean?

   When an individual's gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth. Gender identity aligns with biological sex assigned at birth.

7. What does 'intersex' refer to?

   Individuals born with physical sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. A natural biological variation, not a disorder.

8. What is asexuality?

   Lack of sexual attraction to others. Distinguished from celibacy, which is a choice.

9. Define 'homosexual.'

   Attraction to individuals of the same sex. Sexual and romantic attraction to one's own gender.

10. Define 'non-binary.'

    A gender identity that does not fit within the traditional binary of male and female. Exists outside the traditional male-female categories.

11. What does 'LGBTQ+' stand for?

    Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and others. An inclusive acronym representing diverse sexual and gender identities.

12. Define 'homophobia.'

    Dislike or prejudice against homosexual people. Irrational fear or hatred of homosexual people.

13. Define 'gender role.'

    Societal norms dictating behaviors considered appropriate based on one's perceived gender. Cultural expectations about how different genders should behave.

14. What does 'genderqueer' mean?

    A gender identity that is outside the traditional male and female categories. Rejects the traditional binary gender system.

15. What is the Kinsey Scale?

    A scale measuring sexual orientation from 0 (heterosexual) to 6 (homosexual). Introduced the concept of sexual orientation as a spectrum.

16. What does the term 'bisexual' mean?

    Attraction to both males and females. Can experience attraction to people of any gender.

17. Define 'pansexual.'

    Attraction to individuals regardless of their gender identity. Gender is irrelevant to their attraction patterns.

18. Explain the concept of 'allyship.'

    Supportive actions by non-LGBTQ+ individuals towards LGBTQ+ rights and equality. Using privilege to advocate for marginalized communities.

19. Explain 'gender fluidity.'

    A gender identity that may change over time or depend on the situation. Gender can shift across time, situations, or contexts.

20. What is the purpose of the 'Pride' movement?

    To promote equality, acceptance, and visibility for LGBTQ+ individuals. Advocates for civil rights and social acceptance.

21. What is internalized homophobia?

    When LGBTQ+ individuals internalize societal homophobic attitudes. Negative societal messages become part of self-concept.

22. What is gender dysphoria?

    Distress due to a mismatch between gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Psychological distress from identity-body mismatch, not a mental illness.

23. What does 'heterosexual' mean?

    Attraction to individuals of the opposite sex. Sexual and romantic attraction to a different gender.

24. Define transgender.

    When an individual's gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth. Gender identity doesn't match biological sex assigned at birth.

25. Explain 'sexual fluidity.'

    Variability in sexual attraction that can change over time or context. Attraction patterns can change throughout one's lifetime.

26. What is sexual orientation?

    Enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to men, women, or both sexes. A stable pattern of attraction, not a choice or behavior.

27. What does 'queer' mean as an identity?

    An umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities who are not heterosexual or cisgender. A reclaimed term embracing diverse non-heteronormative identities.

28. Explain 'coming out.'

    The process of revealing one's sexual orientation or gender identity to others. A personal decision about sharing one's authentic identity.

29. What is 'gender affirmation'?

    Supporting someone's gender identity through actions like using correct pronouns. Validates and supports someone's authentic gender identity.

30. What is the difference between sex and gender?

    Sex is biological; gender is a social and personal identity. Sex refers to biology; gender to social identity and roles.

31. What is gender socialization?

    The process by which individuals learn gender roles through societal influences. Gender roles are learned, not innate biological traits.

32. What is 'intersectionality'?

    A framework for understanding how various forms of inequality intersect. Multiple identities create unique experiences of discrimination.

33. Define gender expression.

    The external display of one's gender, through behavior, clothing, and personal appearance. How one presents their gender to others through outward choices.

34. What is the gender binary?

    The classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms: male and female. A limiting cultural construct that excludes many identities.

35. What is gender identity?

    A personal sense of one's own gender, which may or may not align with their sex at birth. An internal sense of being male, female, both, or neither.

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