Images Formed by Mirrors - AP Physics 2

1. Identify the image properties when an object is at the focal point of a concave mirror.

   No image is formed; rays are parallel. At focal point, reflected rays become parallel and never converge.

2. What image characteristic is constant for plane mirrors?

   Image is always virtual. Plane mirrors cannot form real images due to flat surface.

3. Calculate the magnification if $d_o = 10 \text{ cm}$ and $d_i = -5 \text{ cm}$.

   $m = 0.5$. Using $m = -\frac{d_i}{d_o} = -\frac{-5}{10} = 0.5$.

4. What is the focal point of a mirror?

   The point where parallel rays converge or appear to diverge. Defines where parallel incident rays meet after reflection.

5. What is the image orientation for a plane mirror?

   Upright. Plane mirrors always produce upright, non-inverted images.

6. What type of image does a convex mirror always produce?

   Virtual, upright, and reduced in size. Convex mirrors diverge light rays, preventing real image formation.

7. What is the magnification formula for mirrors?

   Magnification $m = \frac{h_i}{h_o} = -\frac{d_i}{d_o}$. Negative sign accounts for real vs virtual image distinction.

8. Find the image properties when an object is at twice the focal length of a concave mirror.

   Real, inverted, same size. At twice focal length, object and image are same size.

9. Identify the mirror type if it forms only virtual images.

   Convex mirror. Convex mirrors diverge rays, making real image formation impossible.

10. Determine the image nature when $d_i$ is negative.

    Image is virtual. Negative image distance indicates virtual image behind mirror.

11. Identify the mirror type used in rearview mirrors.

    Convex mirror. Convex mirrors provide wide field of view for safety.

12. State the mirror equation.

    $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i}$. Fundamental equation relating focal length to object and image distances.

13. What happens to the image when the object is at the center of curvature in a concave mirror?

    Image is real, inverted, and same size. At center of curvature, object and image distances equal $2f$.

14. What does a negative magnification indicate?

    Image is inverted. Negative magnification means image is flipped relative to object.

15. Identify the image property when $h_i = h_o$ in any mirror.

    Image is the same size as the object. When $h_i = h_o$, magnification equals 1, indicating same size.

16. State the image characteristics for an object at the focal point in a convex mirror.

    Virtual, upright, reduced. Convex mirrors always produce diminished virtual images regardless of position.

17. Which mirror type can converge parallel rays?

    Concave mirror. Concave mirrors have positive focal lengths and converge light.

18. Find the image distance for a concave mirror if $d_o = 30 \text{ cm}$ and $f = 15 \text{ cm}$.

    $d_i = 30 \text{ cm}$. Using mirror equation: $\frac{1}{15} = \frac{1}{30} + \frac{1}{d_i}$.

19. Calculate the focal length if $R = 20 \text{ cm}$.

    $f = 10 \text{ cm}$. Using $f = \frac{R}{2} = \frac{20}{2} = 10$ cm.

20. State the formula for calculating image height.

    $h_i = m \times h_o$. Image height equals magnification times object height.

21. Determine $h_i$ if $h_o = 4 \text{ cm}$ and $m = 2$.

    $h_i = 8 \text{ cm}$. Using $h_i = m \times h_o = 2 \times 4 = 8$ cm.

22. What happens to the image when $d_o = f$ in a concave mirror?

    No image is formed. At focal point, reflected rays become parallel with no convergence.

23. Identify the image nature when an object is between the focal point and mirror in a concave mirror.

    Virtual, upright, and enlarged. Object closer than focal point creates magnified virtual image.

24. State the sign convention for object distance in mirrors.

    Positive if object is in front of mirror. Objects in front of mirrors have positive distances by convention.

25. Determine the magnification for a plane mirror.

    Magnification $m = 1$. Plane mirrors always create same-size images with unit magnification.

26. What is the image nature if $d_i$ is positive?

    Image is real. Positive image distance means light actually converges there.

27. State the relationship between magnification and object distance.

    $m = -\frac{d_i}{d_o}$. Magnification equals negative ratio of image to object distance.

28. What is the focal length of a plane mirror?

    $f = \infty$ (infinite). Plane surfaces don't converge or diverge rays, so no focal point exists.

29. What type of image is formed by a plane mirror?

    Virtual, upright, and the same size as the object. Plane mirrors reflect light at equal angles, creating laterally inverted images.

30. Calculate $d_i$ if $d_o = 40 \text{ cm}$ and $f = 20 \text{ cm}$ for a concave mirror.

    $d_i = 40 \text{ cm}$. Using $\frac{1}{20} = \frac{1}{40} + \frac{1}{d_i}$ gives $d_i = 40$ cm.

31. What type of mirror is used for security and surveillance?

    Convex mirror. Wide field of view helps monitor large areas effectively.

32. Identify the mirror type that can form a full-length image of a person.

    Plane mirror. Plane mirrors create life-size images suitable for full body viewing.

33. Calculate the image distance if $d_o = 25 \text{ cm}$ and $f = 10 \text{ cm}$ for a concave mirror.

    $d_i = 16.67 \text{ cm}$. Using $\frac{1}{10} = \frac{1}{25} + \frac{1}{d_i}$ gives $d_i = 16.67$ cm.

34. Find the radius of curvature relation with focal length.

    $R = 2f$. Radius is twice the focal length for spherical mirrors.

35. What is the radius of curvature for a plane mirror?

    $R = \infty$ (infinite). Plane mirrors have no curvature, so radius is infinite.

36. Identify the mirror property used in makeup mirrors.

    Concave mirror for magnification. Concave mirrors can magnify when object is within focal length.

37. State the image location for an object at infinity in a concave mirror.

    At the focal point. Parallel rays from infinity converge at the focal point.

38. Determine the image location for an object beyond the center of curvature in a concave mirror.

    Between the focal point and the center of curvature. Real image forms between $f$ and center when object is beyond center.

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