Fluids and Newton's Laws - AP Physics 1

1. What is the acceleration of a 10 kg object under a 20 N net force?

   Acceleration = 2 m/s². Using $a = \frac{F}{m}$ where $F = 20$ N and $m = 10$ kg.

2. What is the formula for gravitational force?

   $F = \frac{Gm_1m_2}{r^2}$. Newton's universal law of gravitation.

3. What is the term for the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion?

   Inertia. Described by Newton's First Law.

4. Determine the pressure at a depth of 10 m in water ($\rho = 1000 \text{ kg/m}^3$, $g = 9.8 \text{ m/s}^2$).

   Pressure = 98000 Pa. Using $P = \rho gh$ with given depth and constants.

5. What kind of force is required to change the velocity of an object?

   Net force. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration.

6. What is the term for the force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact?

   Friction. Contact force that resists sliding motion.

7. State Newton's Second Law of Motion.

   $F = ma$. Force equals mass times acceleration.

8. What is the SI unit for pressure?

   Pascal (Pa). One Pascal equals one Newton per square meter.

9. Calculate the pressure exerted by a 200 N force over an area of 2 m².

   Pressure = 100 Pa. Using $P = \frac{F}{A}$ where $F = 200$ N and $A = 2$ m².

10. Find the net force acting on an object with mass 5 kg and acceleration 2 m/s².

    Net Force = 10 N. Using $F = ma$ where $m = 5$ kg and $a = 2$ m/s².

11. What does Newton's Third Law of Motion state?

    For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always occur in pairs.

12. Identify the type of flow where fluid particles travel along irregular paths.

    Turbulent flow. Chaotic, unpredictable fluid motion.

13. What is the formula for kinetic energy?

    Kinetic Energy = $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$. Energy of motion depends on mass and velocity squared.

14. What is the formula for density?

    Density = $\frac{m}{V}$. Mass divided by volume gives density.

15. What is the equation for potential energy due to gravity?

    Potential Energy = $mgh$. Energy stored due to position in gravitational field.

16. Identify the relationship described by Bernoulli's Principle.

    As the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. Higher velocity means lower pressure in flowing fluids.

17. What is the effect of increasing fluid velocity on pressure according to Bernoulli's Principle?

    Pressure decreases. Inverse relationship between speed and pressure.

18. State the formula for the acceleration of an object.

    Acceleration = $\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}$. Change in velocity over time.

19. What is the equation for hydrostatic pressure?

    Hydrostatic Pressure = $\rho gh$. Pressure increases with depth in a fluid.

20. Calculate the buoyant force on a 3 m³ object submerged in water ($\rho = 1000 \text{ kg/m}^3$).

    Buoyant Force = 29400 N. Using $F_b = \rho Vg$ with given values.

21. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 2 kg object moving at 3 m/s.

    Kinetic Energy = 9 J. Using $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ with $m = 2$ kg and $v = 3$ m/s.

22. What is the term for the apparent loss of weight of an object immersed in a fluid?

    Buoyancy. Upward force exerted by fluids on immersed objects.

23. What is the formula for buoyant force?

    Buoyant Force = $\rho Vg$. Where $\rho$ is fluid density, $V$ is displaced volume.

24. Identify the principle that explains why ships float.

    Archimedes' Principle. States that buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid.

25. What is the continuity equation for fluid flow?

    $A_1v_1 = A_2v_2$. Conservation of mass in fluid flow.

26. Which law explains the motion of a rocket in space?

    Newton's Third Law. Action-reaction pairs provide thrust.

27. Calculate the work done by a 10 N force moving an object 5 m.

    Work = 50 J. Using $W = Fd$ where $F = 10$ N and $d = 5$ m.

28. Determine the density of an object with mass 10 kg and volume 5 m³.

    Density = 2 kg/m³. Using $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$ where $m = 10$ kg and $V = 5$ m³.

29. Identify the formula representing Hooke's Law.

    $F = -kx$. Spring force proportional to displacement.

30. State the formula for pressure.

    Pressure = $\frac{F}{A}$. Force per unit area.

31. Define Pascal's Principle.

    A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid. Basis for hydraulic systems.

32. What is the formula for calculating work done by a force?

    Work = $F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta)$. Where $\theta$ is angle between force and displacement.

33. Identify the force that opposes the motion of objects through a fluid.

    Drag force. Opposes motion through air or water.

34. Identify the type of fluid flow characterized by smooth, constant motion.

    Laminar flow. Opposite of turbulent flow.

35. What property of a fluid is described by its resistance to flow?

    Viscosity. Thick fluids have high viscosity.

36. State Newton's First Law of Motion.

    An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force. Known as the law of inertia.

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