Population Dynamics - AP Human Geography

1. What is the definition of migration?

   Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. People relocate for various economic and social reasons.

2. What is the doubling time in population growth?

   Doubling time is the period needed for a population to double in size. Calculated using population growth rate formulas.

3. State the main cause of urban population growth.

   Migration from rural to urban areas is the main cause of urban growth. Rural people seek urban economic opportunities.

4. Which stage in the DTM features low birth and death rates?

   Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model features low birth and death rates. Developed countries with stable populations.

5. What is the definition of zero population growth?

   Zero population growth is when birth rate equals death rate. Population remains stable with balanced vital rates.

6. What is the definition of population density?

   Population density is the number of people per unit area. Measures how crowded an area is.

7. Which factor can cause population increase?

   High birth rates can cause population increase. More births than deaths expand populations.

8. Which region is expected to have the highest population growth?

   Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to have the highest population growth. Young population with high fertility rates.

9. What does the term 'population explosion' mean?

   Population explosion refers to rapid population increase post-World War II. Dramatic population increase in developing countries.

10. What does 'urbanization' refer to?

    Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Rural-to-urban migration increases city populations.

11. What is a pull factor in migration?

    Job opportunities are a pull factor in migration. Economic incentives attract migrants to destinations.

12. What does the term 'total fertility rate' mean?

    Total fertility rate is the average number of children per woman. Predicts family size based on current fertility patterns.

13. State the definition of 'refugee'.

    A refugee is someone forced to leave their country due to persecution. International protection for displaced persons fleeing danger.

14. What is a key indicator of a developed country?

    Low birth and death rates are indicators of a developed country. Advanced healthcare and education reduce vital rates.

15. What is the formula for the dependency ratio?

    Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Dependents}}{\text{Working-age Population}} \times 100$. Measures burden of non-workers on working population.

16. Identify the stage with declining birth rates in the DTM.

    Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model has declining birth rates. Economic development reduces family size preferences.

17. What is the significance of the age-dependency ratio?

    The age-dependency ratio impacts economic productivity and support needs. Shows economic strain from supporting non-workers.

18. What is a population pyramid?

    A population pyramid is a graphical representation of age and sex distribution. Visual tool showing demographic structure by age groups.

19. State the main characteristic of Stage 5 in the DTM.

    Stage 5 has declining populations due to lower birth rates than death rates. Very low fertility creates population shrinkage.

20. State the formula for the natural increase rate.

    Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate. Shows population change from births minus deaths.

21. Which formula calculates population density?

    Population Density = $\frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Land Area}}$. Divides total people by area size.

22. What does the term 'carrying capacity' refer to?

    Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. The environmental limit before resources become insufficient.

23. Which factor can lead to population decline?

    High emigration rates can lead to population decline. Out-migration reduces local population size.

24. What is the crude birth rate?

    Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Standard measure for comparing birth rates across countries.

25. Identify a consequence of an aging population.

    An aging population can lead to increased healthcare costs. Elderly need more medical services and support.

26. What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

    The DTM describes population changes over time through stages. Framework showing demographic evolution patterns.

27. Identify a method for reducing population growth.

    Implementing family planning programs can reduce population growth. Education and contraception access limit births.

28. Which demographic stage has high birth and death rates?

    The pre-industrial stage has high birth and death rates. Limited medical care causes high mortality.

29. Identify a factor that can lead to high fertility rates.

    Cultural norms can contribute to high fertility rates. Traditional values often favor larger families.

30. State the definition of the dependency ratio.

    Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents to the working-age population. Shows economic burden on working adults.

31. Identify a factor that influences mortality rates.

    Healthcare access influences mortality rates. Better healthcare reduces death rates significantly.

32. What does the term 'demographic momentum' mean?

    Demographic momentum is population growth despite low fertility rates. Large young populations continue growing temporarily.

33. What is the meaning of 'population distribution'?

    Population distribution is the spatial arrangement of people within an area. Where people live across geographic space.

34. What is the primary purpose of a census?

    A census collects data on population demographics and distribution. Comprehensive population count for planning purposes.

35. Which demographic measure indicates economic development?

    Life expectancy indicates economic development. Longer lives indicate better living conditions.

36. What is the replacement fertility rate?

    Replacement fertility rate is the number of children needed to replace parents. Maintains stable population without growth or decline.

37. What is the infant mortality rate?

    Infant mortality rate is deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births. Measures newborn survival rates in societies.

38. Identify a push factor for migration.

    Economic hardship is a push factor for migration. Poor conditions encourage people to leave areas.

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