The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe - AP European History
- Identify the German region known for its coal and steel production during industrialization.
- Ruhr Valley. Rich coal deposits and iron ore made it Germany's industrial heartland.
- Identify the innovation that allowed mass production in factories.
- Assembly line. Sequential production steps increased efficiency and reduced costs.
- Which Italian region experienced significant industrial growth in the late 19th century?
- Piedmont. Northern Italy's strategic location and resources facilitated industrial development.
- Identify the European region known for its heavy industry in the late 1800s.
- Silesia. Coal mining and steel production made it a major industrial region.
- What was the major social class that emerged as a result of industrialization?
- Middle class. Bourgeoisie prospered from industrial profits and professional services.
- Which class of society significantly expanded due to industrialization?
- Working class. Factory workers formed new social class distinct from traditional peasants.
- What type of power did the Industrial Revolution harness to replace manual labor?
- Machine power. Steam and water power mechanized production, replacing human muscle.
- What was the primary labor force in early European factories?
- Women and children. Cheap labor willing to work long hours in harsh conditions.
- What was the main reason for the spread of industry from Britain to Europe?
- Technological diffusion. British technology and expertise spread to continental Europe.
- Identify the technological innovation that transformed communication in the 19th century.
- Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging, revolutionizing business and news.
- What is the term for the movement of people from rural to urban areas for factory work?
- Urbanization. Factory jobs attracted rural workers to growing industrial cities.
- Identify the main reason for population growth in Europe during industrialization.
- Improved living standards. Better nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation reduced mortality rates.
- Which European country had significant industrial growth due to its iron and coal resources?
- Germany. Abundant coal and iron ore deposits fueled rapid industrial expansion.
- Which industry was primarily responsible for Belgium's early industrialization?
- Textile industry. Belgium's abundant flax resources and proximity to Britain enabled textile development.
- Which European country experienced a 'late' industrial revolution, beginning in the 1870s?
- Russia. Delayed industrialization due to serfdom, limited capital, and political instability.
- What is the term for businesses owned by shareholders in the 19th century?
- Corporations. Joint-stock companies allowed investors to pool capital for large enterprises.
- What was the primary energy source that fueled early industrialization?
- Coal. Abundant and efficient energy source that powered steam engines and factories.
- Which European capital became a center for banking and finance in the 19th century?
- Paris. Major financial center with stock exchange and banking institutions.
- What was the first country in Europe to industrialize after Britain?
- Belgium. First continental European nation to follow Britain's industrial model.
- Identify the economic system characterized by state ownership and planned economy.
- Socialism. Collective ownership aimed to address industrial capitalism's inequalities.
- Identify the term for the shift from agrarian societies to industrial economies.
- Industrialization. Transformation from agricultural to manufacturing-based economic systems.
- Identify the term for the economic policy of non-intervention by government in business.
- Laissez-faire. French term meaning 'let it be' - minimal government economic intervention.
- Identify the French city that became a center for silk production in the 19th century.
- Lyon. France's premier silk manufacturing hub due to skilled artisans and tradition.
- Which European city became a major financial center during the Industrial Revolution?
- London. Banking, insurance, and stock exchange made it Europe's financial hub.
- Identify the process that allowed steel production to be more efficient and widespread.
- Bessemer process. Removed impurities from iron efficiently, creating stronger, cheaper steel.
- What was the main transportation development that facilitated industrial expansion?
- Railroads. Connected markets, reduced transport costs, and enabled rapid goods movement.
- Which form of transportation was revolutionized by George Stephenson's invention?
- Railway locomotive. Steam-powered trains transformed goods and passenger transportation.