The Scientific Revolution - AP European History

Name the scientist who formulated the laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler. Discovered that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular.
What was the main subject of study for Tycho Brahe?

Astronomy. Made precise observations that Kepler used for planetary laws.
What did Robert Hooke discover with his microscope?

Cells. First to observe and name the basic units of life.
Who is considered the 'father of modern chemistry'?

Antoine Lavoisier. Established chemistry as a quantitative science with precise methods.
What was Nicolaus Copernicus's major contribution to astronomy?

Heliocentric model of the universe. Proposed the Sun, not Earth, as the center of the solar system.
What does Boyle's Law state?

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Mathematical relationship between gas pressure and volume at constant temperature.
Which invention by Galileo Galilei was crucial for astronomical observations?

Telescope. He improved the design, achieving up to 20x magnification.
Identify the law that states: 'Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times.'

Kepler's Second Law. Also known as the Law of Equal Areas in orbital mechanics.
What did the Scientific Revolution emphasize over traditional beliefs?

Observation and experimentation. Shifted from ancient texts to direct study of nature.
What was William Harvey's contribution to science?

Circulation of blood. Proved blood flows in a closed loop through the body.
What is the significance of Kepler's First Law?

Planetary orbits are elliptical. Replaced the ancient assumption of perfect circular planetary paths.
Who formulated the three laws of motion?

Isaac Newton. Fundamental principles describing how objects move and interact.
What is Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion?

An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force. The law of inertia - objects resist changes in motion.
Who is credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood?

William Harvey. Proved blood flows in a closed circulatory system.
Which philosopher is known for the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?

René Descartes. Established rationalism and systematic doubt as philosophical methods.
What is the significance of Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons?

Evidence against the geocentric model. Showed celestial bodies orbit other planets, not just Earth.
Identify the key development in biology during the Scientific Revolution.

Detailed anatomical studies. Systematic dissection replaced reliance on ancient medical texts.
Identify the law of universal gravitation formula.

$F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$ . Force depends on masses and inversely on distance squared.
What is the scientific method?

A systematic method of observation, measurement, and experiment. Replaced reliance on ancient authorities with empirical investigation.
What did Johannes Kepler discover about planetary orbits?

They are elliptical. Contradicted the ancient belief in perfect circular orbits.
Which discovery is Robert Boyle known for?

Boyle's Law regarding gas pressure and volume. At constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related.
What is the significance of Newton's 'Principia Mathematica'?

Foundation of classical mechanics. Unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics under mathematical laws.
What is the title of the book where Copernicus outlined his heliocentric theory?

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' published in 1543.
Which book did Isaac Newton publish in 1687?

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. His masterwork establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who is known for the principle of doubt and analytical geometry?

René Descartes. Combined mathematical reasoning with philosophical skepticism.
Which invention did Evangelista Torricelli create?

Barometer. Measured atmospheric pressure and proved air has weight.
Which scientist is known for his work on optics and light?

Isaac Newton. Demonstrated that white light contains the full color spectrum.
What is Galileo Galilei known for in physics?

Kinematics and dynamics. Studied falling objects and projectile motion mathematically.
What did Andreas Vesalius contribute to during the Scientific Revolution?

Anatomy. Corrected ancient errors through detailed human dissections.
What did the scientific revolution challenge?

Geocentric model and traditional authorities. Replaced medieval reliance on Aristotle and church doctrine.
What does the law of conservation of mass state?

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Fundamental principle of chemistry based on careful measurements.
What did Galileo's observations of Venus demonstrate?

Phases similar to the Moon, supporting heliocentrism. Venus shows phases only possible if it orbits the Sun.
What did the heliocentric model propose?

Sun at the center of the universe. Challenged the Earth-centered view of medieval cosmology.
What is the principle of inertia?

An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. Newton's First Law describing objects maintaining their state of motion.
What is the formula for Newton's Second Law of Motion?

$F = ma$ . Force equals mass times acceleration in mathematical terms.
Which philosopher emphasized empirical evidence in scientific practice?

Francis Bacon. Advocated for inductive reasoning and experimental observation.
Who developed the concept of the scientific method?

Francis Bacon. Promoted inductive reasoning and systematic experimentation.
What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution?

Natural philosophy and empirical evidence. Emphasized direct observation over ancient philosophical speculation.
Which principle did René Descartes contribute to mathematics?

Analytical geometry. Combined algebra and geometry using coordinate systems.

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