The Age of Progress and Modernity - AP European History
- Which invention by Thomas Edison significantly impacted urban life?
- The electric light bulb. Enabled extended daylight hours and transformed city nightlife.
- What was a key feature of the urbanization process during the late 19th century?
- Mass migration from rural to urban areas. Industrial jobs drew millions from countryside to growing cities.
- What was the primary focus of the public health movement in the 19th century?
- Sanitation and disease prevention. Improved urban hygiene to combat cholera and other diseases.
- Identify the economic system characterized by private ownership and free markets.
- Capitalism. Economic system based on private property and profit motive.
- What term describes the late 19th-century belief in the superiority of one's nation and people?
- Nationalism. Ideology promoting cultural identity and political self-determination.
- Identify the main energy source that replaced steam during the Second Industrial Revolution.
- Electricity. Electric power became the dominant energy source, replacing steam engines.
- Which art movement sought to capture the effects of light and movement in paintings?
- Impressionism. French artists painted outdoors to capture changing light effects.
- Identify the political system where the state controls the means of production.
- Communism. Marxist system where government owns all economic resources.
- What is the term for a political ideology that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy?
- Liberalism. Promotes individual freedoms and limited government economic control.
- What 19th-century movement sought equal rights and opportunities for women?
- Feminism. Advocated for women's suffrage and gender equality.
- What major event in 1848 influenced political change across Europe?
- Revolutions of 1848. Liberal uprisings swept across Europe demanding constitutional reforms.
- Which German philosopher co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx?
- Friedrich Engels. Marx's close collaborator and fellow communist theorist.
- What was the primary goal of the Second Industrial Revolution?
- Increase production through technological innovation. This era focused on efficiency gains through new machinery and methods.
- Name the major canal completed in 1869 that significantly shortened maritime travel.
- Suez Canal. Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, reducing Asia-Europe travel time.
- What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?
- Restore balance of power in Europe. Redrew European borders to prevent future French expansion.
- Name the author of 'On the Origin of Species'.
- Charles Darwin. His 1859 work introduced evolutionary theory to the public.
- What is the theory that explains the development of species through gradual change over time?
- Evolution. Darwin's theory explaining species adaptation through natural selection.
- What was a key characteristic of the social structure during the Age of Progress?
- Emergence of a middle class. Industrial prosperity created a bourgeois class between rich and poor.
- Which technological advancement greatly impacted communication in the 19th century?
- Telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging across continents.
- Identify the author of 'Das Kapital'.
- Karl Marx. German philosopher who critiqued capitalism and class struggle.
- What process describes the consolidation of farms and displacement of rural populations?
- Enclosure. Common lands were fenced off for private agricultural use.
- What is the term for the political and economic dominance of one nation over another?
- Imperialism. Policy of extending national power through territorial expansion.
- What major advancement in transportation revolutionized the movement of goods and people in the 19th century?
- Railroads. Steam-powered trains connected distant regions and enabled mass transport.
- Who is known for pioneering the field of psychoanalysis?
- Sigmund Freud. Austrian doctor who explored unconscious mind and dream analysis.
- Which scientist is known for the theory of evolution by natural selection?
- Charles Darwin. Published 'On the Origin of Species' proposing natural selection theory.
- Identify the movement that focused on the rights and welfare of workers.
- Labor movement. Workers organized to demand better conditions and fair wages.
- Which event in 1871 marked the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?
- The proclamation of the German Empire. Bismarck united German states under Prussian imperial rule.
- Name the inventor of the telephone.
- Alexander Graham Bell. Patented the first practical telephone in 1876.
- Who developed the periodic table of elements?
- Dmitri Mendeleev. Russian chemist who organized elements by atomic weight patterns.
- Identify the movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion.
- The Enlightenment. 18th-century intellectual movement promoting rational thinking and scientific method.
- Which scientific breakthrough is Marie Curie known for?
- Research on radioactivity. Pioneered studies of uranium and discovered polonium and radium.
- What was the impact of the Bessemer process on industry?
- It allowed mass production of steel. Converted iron to high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.
- Who is credited with the development of the germ theory of disease?
- Louis Pasteur. Proved microorganisms cause disease, revolutionizing medical understanding.
- What artistic movement emerged as a response to industrialization, focusing on emotion and nature?
- Romanticism. Emphasized individual emotion and natural beauty over rational order.
- What was the main goal of the labor unions formed during the Industrial Revolution?
- Improve working conditions and wages. Collective bargaining sought to protect worker rights and safety.
- Which ideology emphasizes the importance of a classless society?
- Socialism. Advocates for worker ownership and elimination of class divisions.