Social Effects of Industrialization - AP European History

1. What term refers to the industrial wage-earning working class dependent on selling labor?

   Proletariat. Marx's term for workers who owned nothing but their labor power.

2. What term describes employment where women are paid less and concentrated in limited jobs?

   Occupational segregation by gender. Women clustered in low-wage textile, domestic, and clerical work.

3. What term describes worker organizations that provided mutual aid such as sick benefits?

   Friendly societies (mutual aid societies). Early worker groups pooled resources for unemployment and illness.

4. What was the most typical effect of industrialization on women's work in many working-class families?

   Continued wage labor, often in textiles or domestic service. Poor women still worked despite domestic ideals.

5. What was the main social class that expanded due to industrialization and professional occupations?

   The middle class (bourgeoisie). New professions and business opportunities created wealth.

6. What was the primary goal of early labor unions in industrial Europe?

   Higher wages and better working conditions. Workers organized to counter exploitation and poverty.

7. What class expanded most due to industrialization and white-collar work in the nineteenth century?

   Middle class (bourgeoisie). Factory owners, professionals, and merchants formed a new economic elite.

8. What ideology argued that society is divided into classes whose conflict drives historical change?

   Marxism (class conflict theory). Marx saw class struggle as history's driving force.

9. Which group most benefited from new consumer goods and a culture of respectability in industrial Europe?

   The middle class. Rising incomes enabled consumption and social status.

10. What social change is indicated when marriage occurs later and family size decreases in industrial regions?

    The demographic transition toward smaller families. Economic pressures led to family planning and delayed marriage.

11. What is the name for the political movement demanding expanded male suffrage and reforms in Britain?

    Chartism. British workers demanded voting rights through the People's Charter.

12. What term describes the ideal that women should focus on home and morality while men work in public life?

    Separate spheres ideology. Victorian ideal confined women to domestic roles.

13. What is the term for the rapid growth of cities caused largely by industrial job opportunities?

    Urbanization. Industrial jobs concentrated in cities, drawing rural workers.

14. Which reform ideology favored gradual change through laws such as factory regulation and welfare?

    Social democracy (reform socialism). Evolutionary socialism sought reform within existing systems.

15. What public health reform most directly reduced deaths from cholera in industrial cities?

    Modern sewer and clean water systems. Engineering projects eliminated contaminated water sources of disease.

16. What ideology argued that history is driven by class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat?

    Marxism. Marx theorized capitalism would collapse from worker-owner tensions.

17. What term describes the widespread employment of children in factories and mines for low wages?

    Child labor. Factories exploited children's small size and cheap labor.

18. Identify the key social effect if a city adds sewers, clean water, and waste removal in the 1800s.

    Improved public health and lower urban mortality. Sanitation infrastructure reduced disease outbreaks.

19. What nineteenth-century reform targeted the use of young children in factories and mines?

    Child labor laws (Factory Acts). Britain led reforms limiting hours and ages for factory workers.

20. What public health problem was strongly associated with early industrial cities due to crowding and poor sanitation?

    Epidemic disease (especially cholera). Poor sanitation and crowding spread waterborne diseases.

21. What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities for factory employment?

    Rural-to-urban migration. People left farms seeking industrial wages.

22. What policy approach describes government action to regulate factories, sanitation, and housing to address social ills?

    Social reform through state intervention. Governments regulated to improve living conditions.

23. What term describes the separation of workplace from household typical of industrial society?

    Separation of home and work. Factory work moved production outside the household economy.

24. Which social effect best matches this description: crowded housing, disease, and pollution in cities?

    Rapid urban growth outpacing infrastructure. Cities expanded faster than sewers, housing, and public services.

25. What was the most common housing pattern for early industrial workers in rapidly growing cities?

    Overcrowded tenements and slums. Rapid urban growth outpaced housing, creating dense poverty.

26. What term describes the overcrowded, poorly built urban housing of many industrial workers?

    Tenements. Cheap, cramped apartments housed multiple families in unsanitary conditions.

27. What is the term for long-term improvements in public health, nutrition, and life expectancy?

    Rising standard of living. Industrial wealth eventually improved diet, medicine, and housing.

28. What concept describes the strict scheduling and time-discipline imposed by factory work?

    Factory discipline (time discipline). Clock-based schedules replaced task-based work rhythms.

29. What concept describes the move from home-based work to centralized factory production?

    Factory system. Centralized production replaced cottage industries and artisan workshops.

30. What is the name for city districts marked by concentrated poverty and poor sanitation?

    Urban slums. Industrial cities created impoverished neighborhoods lacking basic services.

31. Identify the term for government policies that addressed poverty via pensions, insurance, and aid.

    Welfare state (social legislation). Government programs provided safety nets for industrial society.

32. What concept describes the separation of workplace (factory) from home life in industrial society?

    Separation of home and work (domestic-industrial divide). Factories created distinct work locations away from living spaces.

33. What term refers to wage-earning industrial workers who sold their labor for pay?

    The proletariat (working class). Industrial workers who owned no means of production.

34. What concept describes the middle-class ideal of women focused on home and morality?

    Cult of domesticity. Victorian ideal confined middle-class women to domestic sphere.

35. What tactic involves workers refusing to work to pressure employers for concessions?

    Strike. Work stoppages forced employers to negotiate or lose production.

36. What organization formed to bargain collectively for wages, hours, and working conditions?

    Labor unions (trade unions). Workers organized to negotiate better conditions collectively.

37. What reform movement sought to reduce alcohol consumption as a response to urban poverty and disorder?

    The temperance movement. Reformers blamed alcohol for social problems.

38. What term describes the shift toward smaller families and deliberate limitation of births in industrial societies?

    Declining birth rate (demographic transition). Urban families limited births for economic reasons.

39. What is the demographic term for rapid movement of people from countryside to cities?

    Urbanization. Mass migration to cities for factory jobs transformed demographics.

40. What term refers to workers deliberately breaking machines to protest industrial change?

    Luddism. Named after Ned Ludd, workers feared job displacement.

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