Reactions and Revolutions - AP European History

What was the main goal of the July Revolution of 1830 in France?

To overthrow King Charles X. Revolution replaced the conservative Bourbon king with Louis-Philippe.
What ideology emphasizes the rights and power of the individual?

Liberalism. Political philosophy emphasizing individual rights, freedom, and constitutional government.
Which social class was primarily responsible for the revolutions of 1848?

The middle class. Bourgeoisie led liberal movements demanding constitutional government and rights.
Identify the document that established the German Confederation in 1815.

The German Confederation Act. Created a loose confederation of 39 German states under Austrian leadership.
What document established the principle of popular sovereignty in Italy in 1848?

The Statuto Albertino. Constitution granted by King Charles Albert establishing parliamentary government.
Which German statesman was responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871?

Otto von Bismarck. Prussian chancellor who used realpolitik to achieve German unification.
Who authored 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The foundational text outlining communist theory and class struggle.
What economic system did the Bolsheviks implement after the Russian Revolution?

Communism. Socialist system where the state controlled all means of production.
What event marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

The invention of the steam engine. Steam power revolutionized manufacturing and transportation in the 1760s.
Which 19th-century ideology focused on cultural and national identity?

Nationalism. Political movement emphasizing shared language, culture, and historical heritage.
Which 19th-century political movement aimed to redistribute land to peasants in Russia?

The Narodnik movement. Populist movement advocating peasant socialism and land redistribution.
Name the British economic theory promoting minimal government intervention.

Laissez-faire capitalism. Adam Smith's economic philosophy favoring free markets and limited regulation.
Identify the key goal of the 1871 Paris Commune.

To establish a socialist government. Radical government that briefly ruled Paris after France's defeat by Prussia.
Which 1848 revolution aimed to unify the German states?

The German Revolution. Part of the broader 1848 revolutionary wave seeking national unification.
Name the treaty that confirmed the independence of Greece in 1832.

The Treaty of Constantinople. Recognized Greek independence after years of Ottoman rule and warfare.
Identify the leader of the Conservative Party in Britain during the late 19th century.

Benjamin Disraeli. Prime Minister who expanded the British Empire and promoted social reform.
What was the primary cause of the 1848 French Revolution?

Economic hardship and political repression. Financial crisis and authoritarian rule under Louis-Philippe sparked revolution.
What event triggered the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?

The February Revolution in France. Overthrow of Louis-Philippe inspired liberal uprisings across the continent.
Which 19th-century movement sought to extend voting rights to all men?

Chartism. British working-class movement demanding democratic reforms and universal suffrage.
What event marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars?

The Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 ended his political and military career.
Name the treaty that dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

The Treaty of Pressburg. Ended the Holy Roman Empire after Napoleon's victories over Austria.
What was the central aim of the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848-1849?

To unify the German states. Liberal parliament that attempted to create a unified German constitutional monarchy.
Which event is considered the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917?

The February Revolution. Popular uprising that forced Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917.
What uprising in 1830 sought to establish Belgium's independence from the Netherlands?

The Belgian Revolution. Successful revolt that created an independent constitutional monarchy in 1830.
Identify the act that abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861.

The Emancipation Reform. Tsar Alexander II freed millions of serfs as part of modernization efforts.
What event initiated the French Revolution in 1789?

The Storming of the Bastille. The storming marked the symbolic beginning of popular uprising against royal authority.
Which institution was established by the Congress of Vienna to prevent future wars?

The Concert of Europe. System of regular consultations between major powers to maintain peace.
Which political group led the Reign of Terror?

The Jacobins. The radical faction that controlled France during the most violent phase (1793-1794).
Name the agreement that united the North German Confederation in 1867.

The North German Confederation Treaty. Prussian-led alliance excluding Austria, step toward German unification.
Identify the main goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).

To restore the balance of power in Europe. Aimed to prevent future French expansion and maintain European stability.
Name the treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.

The Treaty of Frankfurt. Imposed heavy reparations on France and established German unity.
Who led the Italian unification movement known as the Risorgimento?

Giuseppe Garibaldi. Military leader who conquered southern Italy and Sicily for unification.
What was the primary objective of the Chartist movement in Britain?

Universal male suffrage. Sought to extend voting rights to all adult males regardless of property.
Which 19th-century ideology prioritized tradition and social stability?

Conservatism. Reaction against revolutionary change, favoring established institutions and gradual reform.
Who was the Austrian foreign minister who played a key role at the Congress of Vienna?

Klemens von Metternich. Conservative diplomat who dominated European politics for decades.
Which treaty ended the Crimean War in 1856?

The Treaty of Paris. Ended the war with Russia's defeat and limited Black Sea naval power.
Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin. Revolutionary leader who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917.
Who was the French king overthrown during the July Revolution of 1830?

Charles X. Bourbon monarch whose conservative policies triggered the July Revolution.
Who was the ruler of France during the Congress of Vienna?

Louis XVIII. Restored to the throne after Napoleon's exile, he represented legitimacy.

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