Protestant Reform Continues - AP European History

1. Who succeeded Henry VIII and continued the Protestant Reformation in England?

   Edward VI. Henry's son advanced Protestant reforms with Cranmer's guidance.

2. What was the purpose of Luther's translation of the New Testament?

   To make the scriptures accessible to ordinary Germans. Promoted literacy and direct access to biblical teachings.

3. What document did Martin Luther famously publish in 1517?

   The Ninety-Five Theses. Challenged indulgence sales and sparked the Protestant Reformation.

4. Who was Thomas Müntzer?

   A radical reformer involved in the Peasants' War. Led violent peasant uprising inspired by reformation theology.

5. What was the Act of Supremacy (1534)?

   It declared the King of England the head of the Church of England. Replaced papal authority with royal supremacy over English church.

6. Who was Ignatius of Loyola?

   The founder of the Jesuit Order. Spanish soldier turned priest who founded the Society of Jesus.

7. What does the term 'Protestant' refer to?

   Followers of the reformed churches breaking from Catholicism. Originally meant those protesting Catholic practices at imperial diets.

8. Identify a major outcome of the Peace of Augsburg (1555).

   It allowed princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism. Established 'cuius regio, eius religio' principle in Holy Roman Empire.

9. What role did printing play in the Reformation?

   It spread Reformation ideas rapidly across Europe. Mass production of pamphlets spread reformist ideas widely.

10. What was the Jesuit Order's primary mission?

    To spread Catholicism and counter the Reformation. Elite Catholic order focused on education and missionary work.

11. Which event marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War?

    The Defenestration of Prague. Catholic officials thrown from Prague castle window in 1618.

12. What was the main focus of the Anabaptist movement?

    Adult baptism and separation of church and state. Radical Protestants rejected infant baptism and state church control.

13. What was the primary goal of the Counter-Reformation?

    To reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism. Catholic response included doctrinal clarification and institutional reform.

14. What was the main theological difference between Luther and Zwingli?

    The nature of the Eucharist. Luther saw symbolic presence; Zwingli viewed purely symbolic communion.

15. Who was Martin Luther?

    A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Posted 95 Theses in 1517 challenging Catholic practices.

16. What was the impact of the Reformation on education?

    Increased emphasis on literacy and schools. Protestant emphasis on Bible reading promoted popular education.

17. What was the primary focus of the Catholic Reformation?

    Internal reform and combatting Protestantism. Institutional renewal combined with active opposition to Protestant expansion.

18. Which council was convened to address the challenges of the Reformation?

    The Council of Trent. Catholic response clarified doctrine and reformed church abuses.

19. Who was the founder of the Presbyterian Church?

    John Knox. Scottish reformer established Calvinist Presbyterian church structure there.

20. Which English monarch initiated the English Reformation?

    King Henry VIII. Broke from Rome to divorce Catherine of Aragon and remarry.

21. What was the Marburg Colloquy?

    A meeting to resolve differences between Luther and Zwingli. 1529 conference attempted Protestant unity between reformist leaders.

22. What was a key difference between Lutheran and Calvinist theology?

    Calvinism emphasized predestination more strongly. Calvin stressed divine election while Luther emphasized justification.

23. What did the Index of Forbidden Books aim to do?

    Prohibit the reading of certain heretical texts. Catholic censorship tool preventing spread of Protestant literature.

24. Which document recognized Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire?

    The Peace of Westphalia. 1648 treaty finally granted Calvinists legal recognition alongside others.

25. Identify the work by John Calvin that laid out his theology.

    Institutes of the Christian Religion. Systematic presentation of Reformed theology and church governance.

26. What did the Edict of Worms declare?

    Luther was a heretic and enemy of the state. Imperial decree outlawed Luther throughout Holy Roman Empire.

27. Who was John Calvin?

    A French theologian and reformer in Geneva. Developed predestination doctrine and established theocracy in Geneva.

28. What is predestination in Calvinism?

    The belief that God has preordained salvation for some. Calvin taught God predetermined who would be saved eternally.

29. How did Queen Elizabeth I contribute to the English Reformation?

    Established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Moderate Protestant compromise balancing Catholic and Reformed elements.

30. Which reformer is associated with the concept of 'justification by faith alone'?

    Martin Luther. Central Lutheran doctrine rejecting salvation through good works alone.

31. What did the Peace of Augsburg fail to recognize?

    Calvinism as a legitimate faith. Only recognized Lutheran and Catholic faiths, excluding Reformed churches.

32. What was the main goal of the Protestant Reformation?

    To reform the practices of the Catholic Church. Reformers challenged Catholic corruption, indulgences, and papal authority.

33. What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (1521)?

    Luther was declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Empire. Imperial ban forced Luther into hiding under electoral protection.

34. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?

    It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized state sovereignty. Established principle of state sovereignty over religious matters.

35. What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

    It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. Ended French Wars of Religion by protecting Protestant rights.

36. Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

    A Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich. Reformed Zurich independently from Luther, emphasizing symbolic communion.

37. What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy?

    Luther and Zwingli failed to agree on the Eucharist. Theological disagreement prevented unified Protestant front against Catholics.

38. Identify the primary criticism in Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.

    The sale of indulgences. Luther condemned paying money for forgiveness of sins.

39. Who led the Scottish Reformation?

    John Knox. Calvinist minister who established Presbyterian Church in Scotland.

40. What was the Schmalkaldic League?

    A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes. Protected Lutheran territories from Catholic Habsburg persecution.

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