Nationalism - AP European History

What was the main objective of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?

To restore balance of power and suppress nationalism post-Napoleon. Established conservative order through principle of legitimacy.
Which Italian state led the unification efforts?

The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. Under Count Cavour's leadership, it spearheaded the Risorgimento movement.
What ideology opposes nationalism by emphasizing global cooperation?

Internationalism. Promotes cooperation across national boundaries rather than national interests.
What was the outcome of the 1864 Second Schleswig War?

Prussia and Austria gained control of Schleswig and Holstein. Divided administration of duchies between the two German powers.
Who was the Austrian foreign minister at the Congress of Vienna?

Klemens von Metternich. Conservative architect of the post-Napoleonic European settlement.
What was the primary goal of the Frankfurt Assembly?

To create a unified Germany under a constitutional monarchy. Attempted to create liberal German nation-state through democratic means.
What was the primary aim of the Carbonari?

To promote Italian unification and liberal revolutions. Secret society fighting Austrian control through revolutionary conspiracies.
What is Pan-Slavism?

A movement aimed at unity of all Slavic peoples. Sought cultural and political unity among Slavic-speaking peoples.
What was the primary goal of the Zollverein?

To create a customs union among German states. Economic integration prepared foundation for eventual political unification.
Which event prompted Bismarck's 'Blood and Iron' speech?

The failure of the Frankfurt Assembly to unify Germany. Assembly's failure convinced Bismarck that force, not debate, unifies nations.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Villafranca (1859)?

Ended the Austro-Sardinian War; Lombardy ceded to Sardinia. Advanced Italian unification by transferring Austrian territory to Sardinia.
What was the main political ideology of the 1848 revolutions?

Liberalism. Demanded constitutional government, civil liberties, and national unification.
Who were the Junkers?

The Junkers were the Prussian landed aristocracy. Dominated Prussian politics and military, supporting conservative monarchy.
What is nationalism?

Nationalism is the ideological belief in the importance of a unified national identity. Emphasizes shared culture, language, and territory as basis for political unity.
What was the main result of the Austro-Prussian War?

The exclusion of Austria from German affairs. Established Prussian hegemony over northern and central German states.
Identify the leader of the Red Shirts in Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi. Charismatic military leader who unified southern Italy through popular campaigns.
What is Realpolitik?

Realpolitik is a political system based on practicality rather than morals or ideology. Bismarck's approach prioritizing practical results over idealistic principles.
Identify the term for extreme patriotic fervor.

Jingoism. Aggressive nationalism often leading to militaristic foreign policies.
What was the primary aim of the Holy Alliance?

To suppress revolutionary movements in Europe. Conservative coalition to maintain monarchical authority against revolution.
Which cultural movement emphasized emotion and individualism?

Romanticism. Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism, celebrating national folk traditions.
What treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War?

The Treaty of Prague (1866). Excluded Austria from German Confederation, strengthening Prussia's dominance.
What event marked the unification of Germany in 1871?

Proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Symbolic ceremony following Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War.
Which war led to the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany?

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). Final step in German unification, creating the German Empire.
Who was the first King of unified Italy?

Victor Emmanuel II. Sardinian king who became constitutional monarch of united Italy.
What was the Risorgimento?

The 19th-century movement for Italian unification. Literally 'resurgence,' combining liberal and nationalist aspirations.
Which war significantly contributed to Italian unification?

The Austro-Prussian War (1866). Prussia's victory weakened Austria and aided Italian territorial gains.
Identify the nationalist movement that sought to unite all German-speaking peoples.

Pan-Germanism. Sought to include Austria and German minorities in unified state.
Which event is considered the spark of the 1848 Revolutions?

The February Revolution in France. Overthrow of Louis-Philippe inspired liberal revolutions across Europe.
What was the Ems Dispatch?

A doctored telegram by Bismarck that escalated tensions with France. Diplomatic manipulation that provoked France into declaring war on Prussia.
What was the significance of the Danish War (1864)?

It strengthened Prussia's position in German affairs. Demonstrated effective Austro-Prussian cooperation against Denmark.
Who wrote 'The Duties of Man' promoting Italian nationalism?

Giuseppe Mazzini. Founded Young Italy movement advocating democratic republican nationalism.
Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War?

The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). Formalized German territorial gains and French war reparations.
What was the significance of the Battle of Königgrätz (1866)?

A decisive Prussian victory over Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. Decisive battle that ended Austrian influence in German affairs.
Which 19th-century cultural movement was closely tied to nationalism?

Romanticism. Emphasized emotion, folk culture, and national heritage over rationalism.
Which German state was excluded from the North German Confederation?

Austria. Bismarck deliberately excluded Austria to ensure Prussian leadership.
Identify the principal architect of German unification.

Otto von Bismarck. Used 'Blood and Iron' policy and Realpolitik to unite German states.

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