National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions - AP European History

1. What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?

   Restore balance of power. Prevented any single power from dominating Europe again.

2. Identify the city where the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.

   Versailles. Symbolic location in French palace for German Empire proclamation.

3. What region did Italy gain from Austria in 1866?

   Venetia. Acquired as reward for supporting Prussia against Austria.

4. What year did the German Empire officially unify under Prussian leadership?

   1871. Proclaimed at Versailles after Franco-Prussian War victory.

5. What political ideology was a driving force behind 19th-century European unifications?

   Nationalism. Belief that nations should form independent, unified states.

6. What significant event did the Ems Telegram precipitate?

   Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck's edited dispatch provoked French declaration of war.

7. What year did the Austro-Prussian War occur?

   1866. Seven Weeks' War resulted in Prussian dominance over Austria.

8. Who was the Austrian Emperor during the Ausgleich of 1867?

   Franz Joseph I. Agreed to compromise creating dual monarchy with Hungary.

9. Which 1866 war helped unify northern German states under Prussian rule?

   Austro-Prussian War. Excluded Austria from German affairs and created North German Confederation.

10. What was the primary goal of the League of Three Emperors?

    Maintain conservative order in Europe. Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia against liberalism.

11. Identify the treaty that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

    Austro-Hungarian Compromise. Formal agreement creating the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy system.

12. Who was the first Chancellor of the unified German Empire?

    Otto von Bismarck. Led German unification through realpolitik and three wars.

13. Which event marked the end of the Papal States?

    Capture of Rome. Italian troops entered Rome when French garrison withdrew in 1870.

14. In what year was the Austro-Hungarian Compromise signed?

    1867. Created dual monarchy giving Hungary equal status with Austria.

15. What is the term for the political movement aiming for a unified Italy?

    Risorgimento. Italian national revival movement meaning 'resurgence' or 'rising again'.

16. What was the main goal of the Second Schleswig War?

    Annexation of Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark to gain these duchies.

17. What year did the Treaty of Villafranca occur?

    1859. Ended Second Italian War of Independence between France-Piedmont and Austria.

18. What was the primary diplomatic strategy used by Bismarck to isolate France?

    Alliance System. Created network of treaties to prevent French revenge coalition.

19. Which French ruler waged war against Prussia in 1870?

    Napoleon III. French emperor who declared war on Prussia in 1870.

20. What was the primary outcome of the Franco-Prussian War for France?

    Loss of Alsace-Lorraine. Territory ceded to Germany after French defeat in 1871.

21. Which treaty concluded the Austro-Prussian War?

    Treaty of Prague. Ended Seven Weeks' War and excluded Austria from Germany.

22. Who was the king of Italy at the time of unification?

    Victor Emmanuel II. Piedmontese king who became first ruler of unified Italy.

23. What was the main objective of the Zollverein in 19th-century Germany?

    Economic unity among German states. Prussian-led customs union promoted German economic integration.

24. What treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War?

    Treaty of Frankfurt. Imposed heavy indemnity and territorial losses on France.

25. What year was the Treaty of Frankfurt signed?

    1871. Same year as German Empire proclamation and Paris Commune.

26. What was the primary purpose of the Ems Dispatch?

    Provoking the Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck's edited telegram inflamed French opinion against Prussia.

27. Which Congress redrew the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars?

    Congress of Vienna. Established post-Napoleonic European order from 1814-1815.

28. Name the alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1882.

    Triple Alliance. Defensive alliance to counter French and Russian threats.

29. Who was the prominent leader of the Red Shirts in Italy?

    Giuseppe Garibaldi. Charismatic revolutionary who conquered southern Italy for unification.

30. Identify the kingdom that led the unification of Italy.

    Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Provided leadership and constitutional monarchy for unified Italy.

31. What year did Italy achieve national unification?

    1870. Completed with capture of Rome and Papal States.

32. What was the result of the Crimean War for Russia?

    Loss of influence in the Balkans. Defeat weakened Russian prestige and Black Sea position.

33. What year marked the end of the Holy Roman Empire?

    1806. Napoleon's victories dissolved the medieval German empire structure.

34. What key event in 1861 marked the beginning of Italian unification?

    Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II declared first king of unified Italy.

35. Which war led to the dissolution of the German Confederation?

    Austro-Prussian War. Prussian victory ended Austrian influence in German affairs.

Study these flashcards