Luther and the Protestant Reformation - AP European History

1. What was Luther's view on the role of the clergy?

   Priesthood of all believers. Luther taught that all Christians have direct access to God.

2. Which city was the center of Martin Luther's activities?

   Wittenberg. German university town where Luther taught and began the Reformation.

3. Which invention significantly aided the spread of Reformation ideas?

   Printing press. Enabled rapid spread of Reformation texts and ideas across Europe.

4. What was the term for the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation?

   Counter-Reformation. Catholic Church's organized response to Protestant Reformation challenges.

5. What was the primary language of Luther's Bible translation?

   German. Luther translated Scripture into vernacular German for common people.

6. Which religious order was founded to combat Protestantism?

   Jesuits. Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola for missionary work.

7. Which religious text did Luther translate into German?

   The Bible. Luther's German translation made Scripture accessible to common people.

8. What was the language of the Bible before Luther's translation into German?

   Latin. Catholic Church used Latin for liturgy and Scripture before vernacular translations.

9. What was the primary goal of the Counter-Reformation?

   Reform the Catholic Church. Catholic response to address Protestant criticisms and clarify doctrine.

10. What practice did Luther strongly oppose, involving the remission of sins for money?

    Sale of indulgences. Paying money to reduce punishment for sins, which Luther condemned.

11. What term describes the sale of church positions and indulgences?

    Simony. Corrupt practice of buying and selling church offices for profit.

12. Which reformer is associated with the concept of predestination?

    John Calvin. Geneva reformer who taught that salvation was predetermined by God.

13. Which sacraments did Luther retain in his teachings?

    Baptism and Eucharist. Luther reduced seven Catholic sacraments to only these two.

14. What was the main purpose of the Council of Trent (1545–1563)?

    Address Protestant challenges. Catholic council that reaffirmed traditional teachings against Protestant reforms.

15. Which council reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings during the Reformation?

    Council of Trent. Catholic council that clarified doctrine in response to Protestant challenges.

16. Which Holy Roman Emperor presided over the Diet of Worms?

    Charles V. Holy Roman Emperor who condemned Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521.

17. Identify the 1555 agreement that allowed princes to choose their territory's religion.

    Peace of Augsburg. Established cuius regio, eius religio principle in the Holy Roman Empire.

18. Identify the papal bull that condemned Luther's teachings in 1520.

    Exsurge Domine. Pope Leo X's official condemnation of Luther's theological positions.

19. Which document outlined Luther's opposition to church practices?

    Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's formal challenge to Catholic indulgences and corruption.

20. Identify the document Martin Luther nailed to the church door in 1517.

    Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's 95 points challenging Catholic practices, especially indulgences.

21. What was the primary theological principle of Martin Luther's Reformation?

    Justification by faith alone. Core Lutheran doctrine emphasizing salvation through faith rather than works.

22. What was the role of the printing press in the Reformation?

    Dissemination of ideas. Technology enabled mass production and distribution of Reformation literature.

23. What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms in 1521 for Martin Luther?

    Excommunication. Luther was declared a heretic and banned from the Holy Roman Empire.

24. What did Luther argue was the sole source of religious authority?

    Scripture. Luther rejected papal and church authority, emphasizing Bible alone.

25. What was Luther's stance on the veneration of saints?

    Opposed. Luther rejected saint worship as unbiblical and idolatrous.

26. What was the chief result of Luther's translation of the Bible?

    Increased literacy. German Bible made Scripture accessible to ordinary people.

27. What was the name of the 1524-1525 uprising influenced by Luther's ideas?

    Peasants' War. German peasant rebellion inspired partly by Reformation ideas.

28. Which document declared Luther an outlaw and heretic?

    Edict of Worms. Imperial decree that formally banned Luther from the Holy Roman Empire.

29. Identify the year Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses.

    1517. Beginning of the Protestant Reformation with Luther's public challenge.

30. Which German prince protected Luther after the Diet of Worms?

    Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony who sheltered Luther at Wartburg Castle.

31. What economic class primarily supported the Reformation in its early stages?

    Middle class. Burghers and merchants supported reform for economic and religious reasons.

32. Which practice did Luther criticize as corrupt and exploitative?

    Indulgences. Luther condemned the payment system for reducing punishment for sins.

33. Which element of the Catholic mass did Luther reject?

    Latin liturgy. Luther advocated for vernacular worship instead of Latin ceremonies.

34. What is the term for Luther's doctrine that one is saved through faith alone?

    Sola fide. Latin term for Luther's core belief in salvation by faith alone.

35. Which reformer broke from Luther over the Eucharist?

    Ulrich Zwingli. Swiss reformer who disagreed with Luther about communion's meaning.

36. Identify the key theological disagreement between Luther and the Catholic Church.

    Justification by faith versus works. Luther emphasized grace through faith, not good deeds for salvation.

37. Identify the term for the belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

    Transubstantiation. Catholic doctrine that bread and wine become Christ's actual body and blood.

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