Institutional Responses and Reform - AP European History

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. Papal mediation established colonial spheres of influence.
Identify one key outcome of the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized state sovereignty. Established principle of cuius regio, eius religio in international law.
What reform did the Third Republic in France (1870-1940) introduce?

Established a stable republican government. Established parliamentary democracy after Napoleon III's defeat.
Identify a key feature of the Treaty of Nice (2001).

Reformed EU institutions to accommodate enlargement. Prepared EU institutions for eastern enlargement.
What was the Edict of Nantes (1598) intended to achieve?

It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. Henry IV's compromise to end French Wars of Religion.
Which institution was established by the Treaty of Rome (1957)?

The European Economic Community (EEC). Foundation for European economic integration and common market.
What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

To end the War of Spanish Succession and balance power. Prevented Habsburg dominance through territorial redistribution.
What was the main goal of the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

To create the European Union and establish a single currency. Deepened integration beyond economic cooperation to political union.
What was the primary goal of the Marshall Plan (1948)?

To rebuild European economies post-WWII. US economic aid strengthening Western Europe against communism.
What reform did the October Manifesto (1905) introduce in Russia?

It promised a constitutional government and established the Duma. Nicholas II's response to 1905 Revolution pressure.
What was a primary objective of the Zollverein (1834)?

To create a customs union among German states. Economic foundation for German unification under Prussian leadership.
What was the primary goal of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

To address issues of church reform and clarify Catholic doctrine. Responded to Protestant Reformation challenges with doctrinal clarifications.
What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?

Limited royal power and asserted noble rights. Established principle of limited monarchy under law.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Lisbon (2007)?

It reformed EU structures and increased its efficiency. Streamlined decision-making for enlarged European Union.
What was the significance of the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain?

It expanded the electorate and reformed parliamentary representation. First major step toward democratic representation in Britain.
What was the primary aim of the Schuman Plan (1950)?

To create the European Coal and Steel Community. First step toward European economic integration after WWII.
Identify a major reform introduced by the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Modernization of church practices and increased lay participation. Reformed liturgy and emphasized social justice.
Which event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Challenged papal authority and sparked religious revolution.
Identify a key feature of the Bismarckian welfare state.

Introduced social insurance programs for workers. First modern welfare state addressing industrial working conditions.
What was the main focus of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)?

Church reform and codification of Christian doctrine. Strengthened papal authority and defined religious obligations.
What was the main purpose of the Glorious Revolution (1688)?

To replace James II with William and Mary and limit royal power. Bloodless revolution establishing parliamentary supremacy over monarchy.
What was the main objective of the Treaty of Paris (1951)?

To establish the European Coal and Steel Community. Created first European supranational institution.
What was the main focus of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

To establish peace and punish Germany after WWI. Imposed harsh reparations leading to German resentment.
What was the purpose of the League of Nations (1920)?

To promote peace and prevent future wars. First international organization for collective security.
Which institution was established by the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

The European Union (EU). Created common currency and deeper political integration.
Identify a major reform introduced by the Welfare State in Britain (1945-1951).

Creation of the National Health Service (NHS). Comprehensive social safety net from cradle to grave.
What was the primary purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

To restore balance of power in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars. Redrew European map after Napoleon's defeat.
What policy did the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) revoke?

The Edict of Nantes, ending religious tolerance for Huguenots. Louis XIV's persecution renewed religious conflict.
Identify a key component of the Peace of Augsburg (1555).

Allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism. Established territorial principle for religious settlement.
Name a major reform introduced by the Napoleonic Code (1804).

Standardized laws across France emphasizing civil rights. Influenced legal systems worldwide with secular, uniform principles.
What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)?

To renounce war as a means of resolving international disputes. Idealistic attempt at outlawing war through international agreement.
What was the aim of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?

To increase transparency and freedom of information in the USSR. Policy of openness challenging Soviet authoritarian control.
What was the primary goal of the Concert of Europe (1815-1914)?

To maintain the balance of power and prevent major conflicts. Great powers collaborated to suppress revolutionary movements.
What was the primary aim of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?

To regulate industrial production and prevent war in Europe. Pooled strategic resources to prevent Franco-German conflict.

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