Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements - AP European History

1. What is the "separate spheres" ideology in 19th-century bourgeois society?

   Men in public work/politics; women in domestic and moral roles. Justified gender inequality as natural division suited to each sex's abilities.

2. What is Chartism in Britain primarily demanding?

   Expanded male suffrage and political reform via the People's Charter. Working-class movement for democratic rights in 1830s-40s.

3. What is the bourgeoisie in Marxist theory?

   The capitalist class that owns the means of production. Marx identified them as exploiters of worker labor value.

4. What is socialism in 19th-century Europe primarily concerned with changing?

   Reducing inequality by reshaping property and industrial capitalism. Response to industrial capitalism's harsh conditions and wealth disparities.

5. Identify the ideology most associated with the 1815 Concert of Europe and Metternich's system.

   Conservatism. System aimed to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.

6. What is the key difference between "civic" nationalism and "ethnic" nationalism?

   Civic: shared laws/values; ethnic: shared ancestry, language, and culture. Civic unites through political participation; ethnic through blood and tradition.

7. What is Marxism's central claim about how major historical change occurs?

   Class struggle drives history toward revolution and a classless society. Marx argued economic systems create opposing classes that inevitably clash.

8. What is the main aim of the temperance movement in 19th-century Europe?

   Reducing or banning alcohol to address social and family problems. Linked alcohol to poverty, domestic violence, and industrial accidents.

9. What is the basic purpose of labor unions in industrializing Europe?

   Collective bargaining to improve wages, hours, and working conditions. Workers organized to counter employers' power in industrial capitalism.

10. Identify the ideology that most strongly supports laissez-faire and limited government.

    Classical liberalism. Adam Smith's ideas shaped liberal opposition to government economic intervention.

11. What is romanticism primarily a reaction against in late 18th- and 19th-century culture?

    Enlightenment rationalism and industrial-era materialism. Emphasized emotion, nature, and imagination over reason and science.

12. What is "laissez-faire" in $19^{\text{th}}$-century economic liberalism?

    Minimal state interference in the economy and markets. French phrase meaning "let do" - markets self-regulate best.

13. Identify the ideology that most directly supports protective tariffs to build national industry.

    Economic nationalism. Protected domestic industries to strengthen national power.

14. What is the primary goal of the abolitionist movement in the Atlantic world and Europe?

    Ending slavery and the slave trade through law and moral reform. Combined religious conviction with economic arguments against human bondage.

15. What is the key distinction between utopian socialism and Marxist socialism?

    Utopian: ideal communities; Marxist: class struggle and revolution. Utopians sought peaceful reform; Marx advocated violent overthrow.

16. What is nationalism as a 19th-century ideology, in its core political claim?

    A people sharing identity should form a sovereign nation-state. Challenged multi-ethnic empires by linking cultural identity to political sovereignty.

17. What is conservatism (as defined after 1815) primarily aimed at preserving?

    Traditional institutions, monarchy, established social order. Reaction against revolutionary change, favoring stability and tradition.

18. What is "class struggle" in Marxist theory?

    Conflict between social classes over economic power and resources. Marx saw history as driven by this economic competition.

19. What is anarchism as a political ideology in 19th-century Europe?

    Rejection of the state; society organized through voluntary cooperation. Views all government as oppressive; advocates self-governing communities.

20. What is Christian socialism in $19^{\text{th}}$-century Europe attempting to combine?

    Christian ethics with social reform and aid to workers. Sought to apply Gospel values to industrial social problems.

21. What is abolitionism in the context of European reform movements?

    Movement to end slavery and the slave trade. Moral and economic arguments against human bondage.

22. Identify the ideology most associated with a constitutional monarchy and a limited franchise.

    Liberalism. Balanced monarchy with parliament and property-based voting.

23. What is the core principle of utilitarianism associated with Bentham and Mill?

    Policies should maximize the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Judges actions by outcomes, not intentions or moral rules.

24. What is the principal objective of the Chartist movement in Britain (1830s–1840s)?

    Expanding political democracy, especially working-class male suffrage. Six-point charter demanded universal male suffrage and parliamentary reforms.

25. What is feminism in 19th-century Europe primarily demanding in legal-political terms?

    Expanded women's rights, especially education, property rights, and suffrage. Challenged legal restrictions that denied women full citizenship and autonomy.

26. What is feminism in the context of $19^{\text{th}}$-century European reform movements?

    Advocacy for women's legal, political, and educational equality. Challenged legal restrictions and social norms limiting women.

27. What is nationalism as a political ideology in $19^{\text{th}}$-century Europe?

    Loyalty to a nation defined by shared culture, language, or history. Emerged from Romantic emphasis on folk culture and self-determination.

28. What is the meaning of "means of production" in socialist and Marxist thought?

    Productive property: factories, land, tools, and capital. Control of these determines economic and political power.

29. Identify the ideology most associated with labor unions and collective bargaining for wages.

    Socialism. Workers organized to counter capitalist exploitation.

30. What is classical liberalism in $19^{\text{th}}$-century Europe primarily associated with?

    Individual rights, constitutional government, free markets. Emphasized personal freedom over state control and economic regulation.

31. What is realism in mid-19th-century European art and literature primarily focused on depicting?

    Everyday life and social conditions, especially of ordinary people. Rejected romantic idealization to show society's actual problems and conditions.

32. What is liberalism in 19th-century Europe primarily associated with in politics and economics?

    Individual rights, constitutional government, and free-market capitalism. Emerged from Enlightenment ideals opposing absolutism and mercantilism.

33. Identify the ideology that argues the state should be abolished entirely.

    Anarchism. Sees all forms of government as inherently coercive and unnecessary.

34. What is conservatism (post-1815) primarily designed to preserve in European society?

    Traditional institutions: monarchy, church authority, and social hierarchy. Reaction to French Revolution's radical changes and Napoleon's disruptions.

35. What is the proletariat in Marxist theory?

    The wage-earning working class that sells labor for wages. Marx saw them as the revolutionary force to overthrow capitalism.

36. What is communism as articulated by Marx and Engels in 1848?

    Abolition of private property via proletarian revolution. Predicted inevitable overthrow of capitalism by workers.

37. Identify the ideology most associated with restoring pre-revolutionary order after 1815.

    Conservatism. Metternich system exemplified conservative restoration of monarchical authority.

38. What is socialism in early $19^{\text{th}}$-century Europe primarily a critique of?

    Industrial capitalism and unequal distribution of wealth. Responded to worker exploitation and poverty from industrialization.

39. What is "separate spheres" ideology in $19^{\text{th}}$-century Europe?

    Men in public work/politics; women in domestic family roles. Justified excluding women from voting and professional careers.

40. What is the key distinction between Marxism and utopian socialism?

    Marxism stresses class conflict; utopians stress planned ideal communities. Marx emphasized inevitable revolution; utopians believed in peaceful reform.

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