Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power - AP European History
- What is Enlightened Absolutism?
- Monarchs implementing Enlightenment ideas while maintaining power. Combined rational reforms with absolute rule.
- What was the primary aim of the Physiocrats?
- Economic reform through agriculture. Believed land was source of all wealth.
- Which ruler is associated with the term 'Enlightened Despot'?
- Frederick the Great. Exemplified philosopher-king ideal in practice.
- Which Enlightenment thinker promoted separation of powers?
- Montesquieu. Advocated checks and balances in government.
- Which ruler enacted the Charter of Nobility?
- Catherine the Great. Formalized privileges of Russian nobility.
- Name a cultural achievement of Louis XIV's reign.
- Palace of Versailles. Symbol of absolute monarchy's grandeur.
- Which philosopher influenced Enlightened Despots with 'The Social Contract'?
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued for popular sovereignty in government.
- Identify a major outcome of the Treaty of Westphalia.
- End of the Thirty Years' War. Established principle of state sovereignty.
- Who was the editor of the Encyclopédie?
- Denis Diderot. Led collaborative effort to catalog knowledge.
- What did the Declaration of Pillnitz aim to address?
- Support for Louis XVI against the French Revolution. Austria and Prussia pledged to restore monarchy.
- Name the document that limited the power of the English monarchy in 1689.
- Bill of Rights. Guaranteed parliamentary control over monarchy.
- What is a key feature of Mercantilism?
- Government control of trade. State regulation to achieve favorable balance.
- What was the purpose of the Encyclopédie?
- To compile knowledge and promote Enlightenment ideas. Spread Enlightenment through systematic organization.
- Which Russian ruler corresponded with Voltaire?
- Catherine the Great. Exchanged letters on philosophy and governance.
- Name the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession.
- Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Concluded conflict over Austrian throne (1748).
- What economic policy did Adam Smith advocate?
- Laissez-faire. Government should not interfere with markets.
- Identify the main goal of Mercantilism.
- Increase state wealth by maximizing exports. Accumulate gold and maintain trade surplus.
- Who implemented the Edict of Toleration in Austria?
- Joseph II. Granted religious freedom to non-Catholics.
- What is the 'General Will' according to Rousseau?
- Collective interest of the people. Democratic ideal beyond individual self-interest.
- What was one result of the War of Spanish Succession?
- Treaty of Utrecht. Ended French dominance under Louis XIV.
- Which monarch is known as the 'philosopher king'?
- Frederick the Great. Prussian king who promoted Enlightenment ideals.
- What did the Edict of Toleration in Austria accomplish?
- Religious freedom for non-Catholics. Ended Catholic monopoly on worship.
- Who was the monarch during the Seven Years' War in Prussia?
- Frederick the Great. Led Prussia in major European conflict.
- Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Candide'?
- Voltaire. Satirical novel critiquing optimistic philosophy.
- What was the impact of John Locke's philosophy on government?
- Advocated for natural rights and consent of the governed. Influenced democratic revolutions worldwide.
- Identify a key result of the Glorious Revolution.
- Constitutional monarchy established. Limited royal power through Parliament.
- What was the primary focus of Enlightenment salons?
- Intellectual exchange. Elite gatherings spread new philosophical ideas.
- What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes?
- Granted religious freedom to Huguenots. Protected Protestant minority from persecution.
- Identify a reform by Catherine the Great to modernize Russia.
- Legal codification. Created unified legal system for empire.
- Identify one reform by Joseph II of Austria.
- Abolition of serfdom. Freed peasants from feudal bondage.
- What is Voltaire best known for advocating?
- Freedom of speech and religion. Defended civil liberties against oppression.
- What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna?
- Restore balance of power in Europe. Prevented any nation from dominating Europe.
- Identify a key principle of Enlightenment thought.
- Reason and individualism. Emphasized logic and personal freedom.
- Identify one objective of the Enlightenment.
- Progress and reform in society. Sought to improve human condition through reason.
- Which philosopher's ideas influenced Enlightened Absolutism?
- Voltaire. Promoted reason, tolerance, and reform ideas.
- What did the Pragmatic Sanction aim to secure?
- Maria Theresa's succession. Ensured female inheritance of Habsburg throne.
- Who is credited with the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'?
- René Descartes. Founded modern philosophy on rational doubt.
- Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'?
- Adam Smith. Father of modern economics and capitalism.