Decolonization - AP European History
- What term describes the move of people from former colonies to European metropoles after 1945?
- Postcolonial migration. Labor shortages drew millions from Caribbean, Africa, and Asia to Europe.
- Which colony gained independence from Britain in 1947 after partition into two states?
- British India (partition into India and Pakistan). Religious tensions led to partition along Hindu-Muslim lines.
- Identify the European country that granted independence to the Congo in 1960.
- Belgium. Hasty decolonization led to chaos and civil war.
- What is decolonization in the context of Europe after World War II?
- Transfer of imperial rule to independent states in colonies. Process where European powers granted sovereignty to their overseas territories.
- Identify the Cold War dynamic that accelerated European decolonization after 1945.
- US–USSR rivalry encouraged anti-imperial nationalism. Both superpowers opposed European colonialism to gain influence in new nations.
- Which leader is most associated with nonviolent Indian independence from Britain?
- Mohandas K. Gandhi. Led civil disobedience campaigns and promoted satyagraha (truth force).
- Which Algerian nationalist organization led the struggle against French rule?
- FLN (National Liberation Front). Front de Libération Nationale used guerrilla tactics against French forces.
- Which 1956 crisis showed Britain and France could not act independently of the superpowers?
- The Suez Crisis. US and USSR forced Anglo-French withdrawal from Egypt.
- What concept describes continued economic and cultural dependence after formal independence?
- Neocolonialism. Former colonies remain economically dominated by ex-colonizers.
- What is neocolonialism as a post-independence pattern affecting former colonies?
- Indirect control through economic and political dependence. Former colonial powers maintain influence through trade and debt.
- Which 1956 crisis showed Britain and France could not act imperially without US support?
- Suez Crisis. Anglo-French invasion failed when US opposed it, marking imperial decline.
- Which French leader accepted Algerian self-determination and ended the war?
- Charles de Gaulle. Returned to power in 1958, negotiated Evian Accords granting independence.
- What term describes newly independent states aligning with neither the US nor the USSR?
- Non-Alignment (Non-Aligned Movement). Sought independence from both Cold War blocs' influence.
- What 1955 conference symbolized Afro-Asian solidarity and anti-colonial cooperation?
- The Bandung Conference. First major gathering of Asian and African leaders against colonialism.
- What is the term for the forced division of British India into two states in 1947?
- Partition. Religious divisions led to massive displacement and violence during separation.
- Which French colony fought a war ending with the 1954 defeat of France at Dien Bien Phu?
- French Indochina (Vietnam). Ho Chi Minh's forces defeated French colonial army decisively.
- What 1947 event marked the end of British rule in the Indian subcontinent?
- Partition and independence of India and Pakistan. Created two nations based on religion, ending British Raj after 200 years.
- Which 1954–1962 war led to Algeria's independence from France?
- Algerian War of Independence. Brutal conflict with over 1 million deaths before French withdrawal.
- What global institution created in 1945 provided a forum for anti-colonial claims?
- United Nations (UN). Replaced League of Nations, gave colonized peoples a platform to voice grievances.
- What 1954 agreement ended the First Indochina War and temporarily divided Vietnam?
- The Geneva Accords (1954). Split Vietnam at 17th parallel pending reunification elections.
- Identify the European empire that fought long wars to keep Angola and Mozambique until 1975.
- Portugal. Last European power to decolonize, resisted until military coup at home.
- Which concept best describes the creation of new states based on a shared national identity?
- National self-determination. Wilson's principle became basis for dismantling empires after WWII.
- Which French colony fought a major independence war from 1954 to 1962?
- Algeria. FLN guerrilla warfare forced France to grant independence.
- Which country's nationalization of the Suez Canal triggered the 1956 Suez Crisis?
- Egypt. Nasser's action challenged Western control of this vital waterway.
- What 1962 agreement ended the Algerian War and recognized Algerian independence?
- The Evian Accords. De Gaulle negotiated end to brutal colonial war.
- What 1954 defeat helped convince France to leave Indochina?
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Viet Minh victory ended French colonial rule in Vietnam.
- What is the term for newly independent states that avoided formal alignment in the Cold War?
- Non-Aligned Movement. Third World countries sought independence from both US and Soviet blocs.
- What international organization most directly legitimized postwar self-determination claims?
- The United Nations (UN). Its charter supported self-determination and anti-colonial principles.
- What is decolonization in the context of post-1945 European empires?
- The process by which colonies gained political independence from European rule. Dismantling of European colonial empires after WWII.
- Which 1974 Portuguese event helped precipitate rapid decolonization in Africa?
- Carnation Revolution. Military coup overthrew dictatorship, ending colonial wars in Africa.
- Which 1955 conference is commonly linked to Afro-Asian solidarity and nonalignment?
- Bandung Conference. 29 Asian-African nations met in Indonesia to oppose colonialism.