Continuity and Changes Amidst Global Conflict - AP European History
- Name the ideology that emphasizes state control and nationalism, prominent in 20th century Europe.
- Fascism. Authoritarian ideology emphasizing ultranationalism and dictatorial power.
- What was the major environmental disaster in Ukraine in 1986?
- Chernobyl disaster. Nuclear reactor explosion exposed Soviet system failures.
- Name the pact that sought to prevent future wars by outlawing war as a policy tool.
- Kellogg-Briand Pact. 1928 treaty renouncing war, signed by 62 nations.
- Identify the British policy that sought to prevent war by making concessions to Hitler.
- Appeasement. Policy of making concessions to avoid conflict, ultimately failed.
- Which pact was formed as a counterpart to NATO by Eastern Bloc countries?
- Warsaw Pact. Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern European communist states.
- What was the main purpose of the League of Nations?
- To maintain world peace. Created to prevent future wars through collective security and diplomacy.
- Which conference established the post-World War II order in Europe?
- Yalta Conference. February 1945 meeting divided Germany and established spheres of influence.
- Identify the conflict that marked the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
- Bosnian War. Ethnic conflict following Slovenia and Croatia's independence declarations.
- Identify the year the Treaty of Versailles was signed.
- 1919. Signed at the Palace of Versailles on June 28, officially ending WWI.
- Which European country experienced a peaceful revolution known as the Velvet Revolution?
- Czechoslovakia. Peaceful transition from communism to democracy in November 1989.
- Identify the policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism after World War II.
- Containment. Truman Doctrine strategy to limit Soviet expansion during Cold War.
- What major global conflict occurred between 1939 and 1945?
- World War II. Began with Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
- Who was the British Prime Minister during the majority of World War II?
- Winston Churchill. Served from May 1940 to July 1945, leading Britain through the war.
- Identify the year the Berlin Wall fell.
- 1989. November 9 symbolized end of Cold War division in Europe.
- What was the significant economic problem faced by Germany in the 1920s?
- Hyperinflation. Extreme inflation following WWI reparations and economic instability.
- Which city was divided into four sectors post-World War II?
- Berlin. Split among American, British, French, and Soviet occupation zones.
- Which treaty in 1957 laid the foundation for the European Economic Community?
- Treaty of Rome. Established the European Economic Community among six founding nations.
- What is the term for the policy of openness and transparency in government institutions in the Soviet Union?
- Glasnost. Openness policy allowing greater freedom of expression and information.
- What event marked the beginning of World War I?
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The June 28, 1914 shooting in Sarajevo triggered the July Crisis and mobilization.
- What was the major economic crisis that began in 1929?
- Great Depression. Global economic downturn triggered by stock market crash.
- Identify the year the Soviet Union was officially dissolved.
- 1991. Gorbachev's reforms led to dissolution on December 25.
- Identify the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
- Vladimir Lenin. Led the October Revolution and established the first communist state.
- Who became the first Chancellor of West Germany?
- Konrad Adenauer. Led West Germany from 1949-1963, promoting European integration.
- Identify the doctrine that justified Soviet intervention in other socialist countries.
- Brezhnev Doctrine. Limited sovereignty doctrine justifying intervention in socialist states.
- Name the event where the US and USSR came closest to nuclear war during the Cold War.
- Cuban Missile Crisis. October 1962 standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba nearly caused war.
- Which nation was primarily blamed for World War I in the Treaty of Versailles?
- Germany. Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) assigned full responsibility to Germany.
- Which alliance was created to promote economic integration among European countries in 1951?
- European Coal and Steel Community. First step toward European integration, pooling coal and steel resources.
- What was the primary purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
- Collective defense. Mutual defense alliance against Soviet threat in Europe.
- Which event marked the official start of the Cold War?
- Iron Curtain Speech. Churchill's March 1946 speech describing Soviet control of Eastern Europe.
- What organization was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation?
- United Nations. Replaced the League of Nations with broader membership and powers.
- What was the primary ideological conflict during the Cold War?
- Capitalism vs. Communism. Fundamental economic and political systems competition between superpowers.
- What was the main objective of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992?
- To create the European Union. Established political and economic union with common currency.
- What process refers to the political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev?
- Perestroika. Restructuring policy aimed at revitalizing Soviet economy and politics.
- Identify the leader who initiated the Solidarity movement in Poland.
- Lech Wałęsa. Trade union leader who challenged communist rule in the 1980s.
- What was the major cause of the Spanish Civil War in 1936?
- Political polarization. Ideological divide between left-wing republicans and right-wing nationalists.
- What was the primary economic plan for rebuilding Western Europe after World War II?
- Marshall Plan. Provided $13 billion in aid to rebuild Western European economies.
- Which agreement in 1938 allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland?
- Munich Agreement. Chamberlain's appeasement policy allowing German territorial expansion.